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    Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment.

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    GGGlobal covid 19.pdf
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    Embargo End Date:
    2023-05-26
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    Article
    Authors
    Bates, Amanda E
    Primack, Richard B
    Biggar, Brandy S
    Bird, Tomas J
    Clinton, Mary E
    Command, Rylan J
    Richards, Cerren
    Shellard, Marc
    Geraldi, Nathan R
    Vergara, Valeria
    Acevedo-Charry, Orlando
    Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania
    Ocampo, David
    Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia
    Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M
    Adamescu, Cristian M
    Cheval, Sorin
    Racoviceanu, Tudor
    Adams, Matthew D
    Kalisa, Egide
    Kuuire, Vincent Z
    Aditya, Vikram
    Anderwald, Pia
    Wiesmann, Samuel
    Wipf, Sonja
    Badihi, Gal
    Henderson, Matthew G
    Loetscher, Hanspeter
    Baerenfaller, Katja
    Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro
    Bulleri, Fabio
    Bertocci, Iacopo
    Maggi, Elena
    Rindi, Luca
    Ravaglioli, Chiara
    Boerder, Kristina
    Bonnel, Julien
    Mathias, Delphine
    Archambault, Philippe
    Chauvaud, Laurent
    Braun, Camrin D
    Thorrold, Simon R
    Brownscombe, Jacob W
    Midwood, Jonathan D
    Boston, Christine M
    Brooks, Jill L
    Cooke, Steven J
    China, Victor
    Roll, Uri
    Belmaker, Jonathan
    Zvuloni, Assaf
    Coll, Marta
    Ortega, Miquel
    Connors, Brendan
    Lacko, Lisa
    Jayathilake, Dinusha R M
    Costello, Mark J
    Crimmins, Theresa M
    Barnett, LoriAnne
    Denny, Ellen G
    Gerst, Katharine L
    Marsh, R L
    Posthumus, Erin E
    Rodriguez, Reilly
    Rosemartin, Alyssa
    Schaffer, Sara N
    Switzer, Jeff R
    Wong, Kevin
    Cunningham, Susan J
    Sumasgutner, Petra
    Amar, Arjun
    Thomson, Robert L
    Stofberg, Miqkayla
    Hofmeyr, Sally
    Suri, Jessleena
    Stuart-Smith, Rick D
    Day, Paul B
    Edgar, Graham J
    Cooper, Antonia T
    De Leo, Fabio Cabrera
    Garner, Grant
    Des Brisay, Paulson G
    Schrimpf, Michael B
    Koper, Nicola
    Diamond, Michael S
    Dwyer, Ross G
    Baker, Cameron J
    Franklin, Craig E
    Efrat, Ron
    Berger-Tal, Oded
    Hatzofe, Ohad
    Eguíluz, Víctor M
    Rodríguez, Jorge P
    Fernández-Gracia, Juan
    Elustondo, David
    Calatayud, Vicent
    English, Philina A
    Archer, Stephanie K
    Dudas, Sarah E
    Haggarty, Dana R
    Gallagher, Austin J
    Shea, Brendan D
    Shipley, Oliver N
    Gilby, Ben L
    Ballantyne, Jasmine
    Olds, Andrew D
    Henderson, Christopher J
    Schlacher, Thomas A
    Halliday, William D
    Brown, Nicholas A W
    Woods, Mackenzie B
    Balshine, Sigal
    Juanes, Francis
    Rider, Mitchell J
    Albano, Patricia S
    Hammerschlag, Neil
    Hays, Graeme C
    Esteban, Nicole
    Pan, Yuhang
    He, Guojun
    Tanaka, Takanao
    Hensel, Marc J S
    Orth, Robert J
    Patrick, Christopher J
    Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas
    Olsson, Olof
    Hessing-Lewis, Margot L
    Higgs, Nicholas D
    Hindell, Mark A
    McMahon, Clive R
    Harcourt, Rob
    Guinet, Christophe
    Hirsch, Sarah E
    Perrault, Justin R
    Hoover, Shelby R
    Reilly, Jennifer D
    Hobaiter, Catherine
    Gruber, Thibaud
    Huveneers, Charlie
    Udyawer, Vinay
    Clarke, Thomas M
    Kroesen, Laura P
    Hik, David S
    Cherry, Seth G
    Del Bel Belluz, Justin A
    Jackson, Jennifer M
    Lai, Shengjie
    Lamb, Clayton T
    LeClair, Gregory D
    Parmelee, Jeffrey R
    Chatfield, Matthew W H
    Frederick, Cheryl A
    Lee, Sangdon
    Park, Hyomin
    Choi, Jaein
    LeTourneux, Frédéric
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    de-Broin, Frédéric Dulude
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    Haight, Jeffrey
    Liu, Zhu
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    Estela, Felipe A
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    García-Arroyo, Michelle
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    Franco Morales, Juan C
    Malamud, Shahar
    Gavriel, Tal
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    Ari, Yigael Ben
    Miller, Eyal
    Sade, Rotem
    Lavian, Guy
    Birman, Ziv
    Gury, Manor
    Baz, Harel
    Baskin, Ilia
    Penn, Alon
    Dolev, Amit
    Licht, Ogen
    Karkom, Tabi
    Davidzon, Sharon
    Berkovitch, Avi
    Yaakov, Ofer
    Manenti, Raoul
    Mori, Emiliano
    Ficetola, Gentile Francesco
    Lunghi, Enrico
    March, David
    Godley, Brendan J
    Martin, Cecilia
    Mihaly, Steven F
    Barclay, David R
    Thomson, Dugald J M
    Dewey, Richard
    Bedard, Jeannette
    Miller, Aroha
    Dearden, Amber
    Chapman, Jennifer
    Dares, Lauren
    Borden, Laura
    Gibbs, Donna
    Schultz, Jessica
    Sergeenko, Nikita
    Francis, Fiona
    Weltman, Amanda
    Moity, Nicolas
    Ramírez-González, Jorge
    Mucientes, Gonzalo
    Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre
    Namir, Itai
    Bar-Massada, Avi
    Chen, Ron
    Yedvab, Shmulik
    Okey, Thomas A
    Oppel, Steffen
    Arkumarev, Volen
    Bakari, Samuel
    Dobrev, Vladimir
    Saravia-Mullin, Victoria
    Bounas, Anastasios
    Dobrev, Dobromir
    Kret, Elzbieta
    Mengistu, Solomon
    Pourchier, Cloé
    Ruffo, Alazar
    Tesfaye, Million
    Wondafrash, Mengistu
    Nikolov, Stoyan C
    Palmer, Charles
    Sileci, Lorenzo
    Rex, Patrick T
    Lowe, Christopher G
    Peters, Francesc
    Pine, Matthew K
    Radford, Craig A
    Wilson, Louise
    McWhinnie, Lauren
    Scuderi, Alessia
    Jeffs, Andrew G
    Prudic, Kathleen L
    Larrivée, Maxim
    McFarland, Kent P
    Solis, Rodrigo
    Hutchinson, Rebecca A
    Queiroz, Nuno
    Furtado, Miguel A
    Sims, David W
    Southall, Emily
    Quesada-Rodriguez, Claudio A
    Diaz-Orozco, Jessica P
    Rodgers, Ku'ulei S
    Severino, Sarah J L
    Graham, Andrew T
    Stefanak, Matthew P
    Madin, Elizabeth M P
    Ryan, Peter G
    Maclean, Kyle
    Weideman, Eleanor A
    Şekercioğlu, Çağan H
    Kittelberger, Kyle D
    Kusak, Josip
    Seminoff, Jeffrey A
    Hanna, Megan E
    Shimada, Takahiro
    Meekan, Mark G
    Smith, Martin K S
    Mokhatla, Mohlamatsane M
    Soh, Malcolm C K
    Pang, Roanna Y T
    Ng, Breyl X K
    Lee, Benjamin P Y-H
    Loo, Adrian H B
    Er, Kenneth B H
    Souza, Gabriel B G
    Stallings, Christopher D
    Curtis, Joseph S
    Faletti, Meaghan E
    Peake, Jonathan A
    Schram, Michael J
    Wall, Kara R
    Terry, Carina
    Rothendler, Matt
    Zipf, Lucy
    Ulloa, Juan Sebastián
    Hernández-Palma, Angélica
    Gómez-Valencia, Bibiana
    Cruz-Rodríguez, Cristian
    Herrera-Varón, Yenifer
    Roa, Margarita
    Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana
    Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel
    Vardi, Reut
    Vázquez, Víctor
    Requena-Mesa, Christian
    Warrington, Miyako H
    Taylor, Michelle E
    Woodall, Lucy C
    Stefanoudis, Paris V
    Zhang, Xiangliang cc
    Yang, Qiang
    Zukerman, Yuval
    Sigal, Zehava
    Ayali, Amir
    Clua, Eric E G
    Carzon, Pamela
    Seguine, Clementine
    Corradini, Andrea
    Pedrotti, Luca
    Foley, Catherine M
    Gagnon, Catherine Alexandra
    Panipakoochoo, Elijah
    Milanes, Celene B
    Botero, Camilo M
    Velázquez, Yunior R
    Milchakova, Nataliya A
    Morley, Simon A
    Martin, Stephanie M
    Nanni, Veronica
    Otero, Tanya
    Wakeling, Julia
    Abarro, Sarah
    Piou, Cyril
    Sobral, Ana F L
    Soto, Eulogio H
    Weigel, Emily G
    Bernal-Ibáñez, Alejandro
    Gestoso, Ignacio
    Cacabelos, Eva
    Cagnacci, Francesca
    Devassy, Reny Palliparambil
    Loretto, Matthias-Claudio
    Moraga, Paula cc
    Rutz, Christian
    Duarte, Carlos M. cc
    KAUST Department
    Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
    Computer Science Program
    Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division
    Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
    Marine Science Program
    Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Date
    2021-05-26
    Online Publication Date
    2021-05-20
    Print Publication Date
    2021-11
    Embargo End Date
    2023-10-23
    Submitted Date
    2021-05-04
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/669287
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness.
    Citation
    Bates, Primack, R. B., Biggar, B. S., Bird, T. J., Clinton, M. E., Command, R. J., Richards, C., Shellard, M., Geraldi, N. R., Vergara, V., Acevedo-Charry, O., Colón-Piñeiro, Z., Ocampo, D., Ocampo-Peñuela, N., Sánchez-Clavijo, L. M., Adamescu, C. M., Cheval, S., Racoviceanu, T., Adams, M. D., … Anderwald, P. (2021). Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment. Biological Conservation, 263, 109175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175
    Sponsors
    The Canada Research Chairs program provided funding for the core writing team. Field research funding was provided by A.G. Leventis Foundation; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, [grant number ANR-18-32–0010CE-01 (JCJC PEPPER)]; Agencia Estatal de Investigaci; Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), [grant number M1420-09-5369-FSE-000002]; Alan Peterson; ArcticNet; Arkadaşlar; Army Corp of Engineers; Artificial Reef Program; Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), National Collaborative; Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), University of Tasmania; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Australian Research Council, [grant number LP140100222]; Bai Xian Asia Institute; Batubay Özkan; BC Hydro Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Bertarelli Foundation; Bertarelli Programme in Marine Science; Bilge Bahar; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Biology Society of South Australia; Boston University; Burak Över; California State Assembly member Patrick O'Donnell; California State University Council on Ocean Affairs, Science & Technology; California State University Long Beach; Canada Foundation for Innovation (Major Science Initiative Fund and funding to Oceans Network Canada), [grant number MSI 30199 for ONC]; Cape Eleuthera Foundation; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Charles Darwin Foundation, [grant number 2398]; Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and Technology (COLCIENCIAS), [grant number 811–2018]; Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, [grant number 0041–2020]; Columbia Basin Trust; Commission for Environmental Cooperation; Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Cultural practices and environmental certification of beaches, Universidad de la Costa, Colombia, [grant number INV.1106–01–002-15, 2020–21]; Department of Conservation New Zealand; Direction de l'Environnement de Polynésie Française; Disney Conservation Fund; DSI-NRF Centre of; Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology; Ecology Project International; Emin Özgür; Environment and Climate Change Canada; European Community: RTD programme - Species Support to Policies; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme; European Union; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, [grant number 798091, 794938]; Faruk Eczacıbaşı; Faruk Yalçın Zoo; Field research funding was provided by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, [grant numbers FWC-12164, FWC-14026, FWC-19050]; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional; Fonds québécois de la recherche nature et technologies; Foundation Segré; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT Portugal); Galapagos National Park Directorate research, [grant number PC-41-20]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, [grant number GBMF9881 and GBMF 8072]; Government of Tristan da Cunha; Habitat; Conservation Trust Foundation; Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment; Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol, Russia; Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil; Israeli Academy of Science's Adams Fellowship; King Family Trust; Labex, CORAIL, France; Liber Ero Fellowship; LIFE (European Union), [grant number LIFE16 NAT/BG/000874]; Mar'a de Maeztu Program for Units of Excellence in R&D; Ministry of Science and Innovation, FEDER, SPASIMM,; Spain, [grant number FIS2016–80067-P (AEI/FEDER, UE)]; MOE-Korea, [grant number 2020002990006]; Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund; Montreal Space for Life; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program; National Geographic Society, [grant numbers NGS-82515R-20]; National Natural Science Fund of China; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Parks Board, Singapore; National Science and Technology Major Project of China; National Science Foundation, [grant number DEB-1832016]; Natural Environment Research Council of the UK; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Alliance COVID-19 grant program, [grant numbers ALLRP 550721–20, RGPIN-2014-06229 (year: 2014), RGPIN-2016-05772 (year: 2016)]; Neiser Foundation; Nekton Foundation; Network of Centre of Excellence of Canada: ArcticNet; North Family Foundation; Ocean Tracking Network; Ömer Külahçıoğlu; Oregon State University; Parks Canada Agency (Lake Louise, Yoho, and Kootenay Field Unit); Pew Charitable Trusts; Porsim Kanaf partnership; President's International Fellowship Initiative for postdoctoral researchers Chinese Academy of Sciences, [grant number 2019 PB0143]; Red Sea Research Center; Regional Government of the Azores, [grant number M3.1a/F/025/2015]; Regione Toscana; Rotary Club of Rhinebeck; Save our Seas Foundation; Science & Technology (CSU COAST); Science City Davos, Naturforschende Gesellschaft Davos; Seha İşmen; Sentinelle Nord program from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund; Servizio Foreste e Fauna (Provincia Autonoma di Trento); Sigrid Rausing Trust; Simon Fraser University; Sitka Foundation; Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Merkezi Derneği; South African National Parks (SANParks); South Australian Department for Environment and Water; Southern California Tuna Club (SCTC); Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; State of California; Sternlicht Family Foundation; Suna Reyent; Sunshine Coast Regional Council; Tarea Vida, CEMZOC, Universidad de Oriente, Cuba, [grant number 10523, 2020]; Teck Coal; The Hamilton Waterfront Trust; The Ian Potter Foundation, Coastwest, Western Australian State NRM; The Red Sea Development Company; The Wanderlust Fund; The Whitley Fund; Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline; Tula Foundation (Hakai Institute); University of Arizona; University of Pisa; US Fish and Wildlife Service; US Geological Survey; Valencian Regional Government; Vermont Center for Ecostudies; Victorian Fisheries Authority; VMRC Fishing License Fund; and Wildlife Warriors Worldwide.
    Publisher
    Elsevier BV
    Journal
    Biological conservation
    DOI
    10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175
    PubMed ID
    34035536
    PubMed Central ID
    PMC8135229
    Additional Links
    https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320721002275
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC); Marine Science Program; Computer Science Program; Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division

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M.; Hagos, S.; Hahn, Sebastian; Haimberger, Leo; Hakkarainen, J.; Hall, Brad D.; Halpert, Michael S.; Hamlington, Benjamin D.; Hanna, E.; Hansen, K.; Hanssen-Bauer, I.; Harris, Ian; Heidinger, Andrew K.; Heikkilä, A.; Heil, A.; Heim, Richard R.; Hendricks, S.; Hernández, Marieta; Hidalgo, Hugo G.; Hilburn, Kyle; Ho, Shu Peng Ben; Holmes, R. M.; Hu, Zeng Zhen; Huang, Boyin; Huelsing, Hannah K.; Huffman, George J.; Hughes, C.; Hurst, Dale F.; Ialongo, I.; Ijampy, J. A.; Ingvaldsen, R. B.; Inness, Antje; Isaksen, K.; Ishii, Masayoshi; Jevrejeva, Svetlana; Jiménez, C.; Jin, Xiangze; Johannesen, E.; John, Viju; Johnsen, B.; Johnson, Bryan; Johnson, Gregory C.; Jones, Philip D.; Joseph, Annie C.; Jumaux, Guillaume; Kabidi, Khadija; Kaiser, Johannes W.; Kato, Seiji; Kazemi, A.; Keller, Linda M.; Kendon, Mike; Kennedy, John; Kerr, Kenneth; Kholodov, A. L.; Khoshkam, Mahbobeh; Killick, Rachel; Kim, Hyungjun; Kim, S. J.; Kimberlain, Todd B.; Klotzbach, Philip J.; Knaff, John A.; Kobayashi, Shinya; Kohler, J.; Korhonen, Johanna; Korshunova, Natalia N.; Kovacs, K. M.; Kramarova, Natalya; Kratz, D. P.; Kruger, Andries; Kruk, Michael C.; Kudela, Raphael; Kumar, Arun; Lakatos, M.; Lakkala, K.; Lander, Mark A.; Landsea, Chris W.; Lankhorst, Matthias; Lantz, Kathleen; Lazzara, Matthew A.; Lemons, P.; Leuliette, Eric; L’Heureux, Michelle; Lieser, Jan L.; Lin, I. I.; Liu, Hongxing; Liu, Yinghui; Locarnini, Ricardo; Loeb, Norman G.; Lo Monaco, Claire; Long, Craig S.; López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Loyola, Diego; Lumpkin, Rick; Luo, Jing Jia; Luojus, K.; Lydersen, C.; Lyman, John M.; Maberly, Stephen C.; Maddux, Brent C.; Malheiros Ramos, Andrea; Malkova, G. V.; Manney, G.; Marcellin, Vernie; Marchenko, S. S.; Marengo, José A.; Marra, John J.; Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz; Martens, B.; Martínez-Güingla, Rodney; Massom, Robert A.; Mata, Mauricio M.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; May, Linda; Mayer, Michael; Mazloff, Matthew; McBride, Charlotte; McCabe, Matthew; McCarthy, M.; McClelland, J. W.; McGree, Simon; McVicar, Tim R.; Mears, Carl A.; Meier, W.; Meinen, Christopher S.; Mekonnen, A.; Menéndez, Melisa; Mengistu Tsidu, G.; Menzel, W. Paul; Merchant, Christopher J.; Meredith, Michael P.; Merrifield, Mark A.; Metzl, N.; Minnis, Patrick; Miralles, Diego G.; Mistelbauer, T.; Mitchum, Gary T.; Monselesan, Didier; Monteiro, Pedro; Montzka, Stephen A.; Morice, Colin; Mote, T.; Mudryk, L.; Mühle, Jens; Mullan, A. Brett; Nash, Eric R.; Naveira-Garabato, Alberto C.; Nerem, R. Steven; Newman, Paul A.; Nieto, Juan José; Noetzli, Jeannette; O’Neel, S.; Osborn, Tim J.; Overland, J.; Oyunjargal, Lamjav; Parinussa, Robert M.; Park, E. Hyung; Parker, David; Parrington, M.; Parsons, A. Rost; Pasch, Richard J.; Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo; Paterson, Andrew M.; Paulik, Christoph; Pearce, Petra R.; Pelto, Mauri S.; Peng, Liang; Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E.; Perovich, D.; Petropavlovskikh, Irina; Pezza, Alexandre B.; Phillips, David; Pinty, Bernard; Pitts, Michael C.; Pons, M. R.; Porter, Avalon O.; Primicerio, R.; Proshutinsky, A.; Quegan, Sean; Quintana, Juan; Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh; Rajeevan, Madhavan; Randriamarolaza, L.; Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N.; Reagan, James; Reid, Phillip; Reimer, Christoph; Rémy, Samuel; Renwick, James A.; Revadekar, Jayashree V.; Richter-Menge, J.; Riffler, Michael; Rimmer, Alon; Rintoul, Steve; Robinson, David A.; Rodell, Matthew; Rodríguez Solís, José L.; Romanovsky, Vladimir E.; Ronchail, Josyane; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Roth, Chris; Rusak, James A.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Sallée, Jean Bapiste; Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira; Santee, Michelle L.; Sawaengphokhai, P.; Sayouri, Amal; Scambos, Ted A.; Schemm, Jae; Schladow, S. Geoffrey; Schmid, Claudia; Schmid, Martin, Eawag; Schmidtko, Sunke; Schreck, Carl J.; Selkirk, H. B.; Send, Uwe; Sensoy, Serhat; Setzer, Alberto; Sharp, M.; Shaw, Adrian; Shi, Lei; Shiklomanov, A. I.; Shiklomanov, Nikolai I.; Siegel, David A.; Signorini, Sergio R.; Sima, Fatou; Simmons, Adrian J.; Smeets, C. J.P.P.; Smith, Sharon L.; Spence, Jaqueline M.; Srivastava, A. K.; Stackhouse, Paul W.; Stammerjohn, Sharon; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang; Stella, José L.; Stengel, Martin; Stennett-Brown, Roxann; Stephenson, Tannecia S.; Strahan, Susan; Streletskiy, D. A.; Sun-Mack, Sunny; Swart, Sebastiaan; Sweet, William; Talley, Lynne D.; Tamar, Gerard; Tank, S. E.; Taylor, Michael A.; Tedesco, M.; Teubner, Katrin; Thoman, R. L.; Thompson, Philip; Thomson, L.; Timmermans, M. L.; Timofeev, Maxim A.; Tirnanes, Joaquin A.; Tobin, Skie; Trachte, Katja; Trainer, Vera L.; Tretiakov, M.; Trewin, Blair C.; Trotman, Adrian R.; Tschudi, M.; Van As, D.; Van De Wal, R. S.W.; van der A., Ronald J.; Van Der Schalie, Robin; Van Der Schrier, Gerard; Van Der Werf, Guido R.; Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J.; Velicogna, I.; Verburg, Piet; Vigneswaran, Bala; Vincent, Lucie A.; Volkov, Denis; Vose, Russell S.; Wagner, Wolfgang; Wåhlin, Anna; Wahr, J.; Walsh, J.; Wang, Chunzai; Wang, Junhong; Wang, Lei; Wang, M.; Wang, Sheng Hung; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watanabe, Shohei; Weber, Mark; Weller, Robert A.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Whitewood, Robert; Wijffels, Susan E.; Wilber, Anne C.; Wild, Jeanette D.; Willett, Kate M.; Williams, Michael J.M.; Willie, Shem; Wolken, G.; Wong, Takmeng; Wood, E. F.; Woolway, R. Iestyn; Wouters, B.; Xue, Yan; Yamada, Ryuji; Yim, So Young; Yin, Xungang; Young, Steven H.; Yu, Lisan; Zahid, H.; Zambrano, Eduardo; Zhang, Peiqun; Zhao, Guanguo; Zhou, Lin; Ziemke, Jerry R.; Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth; Gilbert, Kristin; Maycock, Tom; Osborne, Susan; Sprain, Mara; Veasey, Sara W.; Ambrose, Barbara J.; Griffin, Jessicca; Misch, Deborah J.; Riddle, Deborah B.; Young, Teresa; Romanovsky, Vladimir E. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, 2017-09-06) [Report]
      In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 ± 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 ± 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Niña evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Niño conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44°C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0°C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8°C, representing a 3.5°C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute ∼7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01°C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st centuryto-date of +0.162°C decade-1 is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100°C decade-1. Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Niño at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Niña contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
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      Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019

      Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Compton, Kelly; Dean, Frances E.; Fu, Weijia; Gaw, Brian L.; Harvey, James D.; Henrikson, Hannah Jacqueline; Lu, Dan; Pennini, Alyssa; Xu, Rixing; Ababneh, Emad; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M.; Abdoli, Amir; Abedi, Aidin; Abidi, Hassan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Aghaali, Mohammad; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sajjad; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed Rashid, Tarik; Ahmed Salih, Yusra; Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse; Aklilu, Addis; Akram, Tayyaba; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Ali, Saqib; Alimohamadi, Yousef; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkhayyat, Motasem; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali; Almustanyir, Sami; Alonso, Nivaldo; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amu, Hubert; Anbesu, Etsay Woldu; Ancuceanu, Robert; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antwi, Maxwell Hubert; Anvari, Davood; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariffin, Hany; Aripov, Timur; Arshad, Muhammad; Artaman, Al; Arulappan, Judie; Asemi, Zatollah; Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Ashraf, Tahira; Atorkey, Prince; Aujayeb, Avinash; Ausloos, Marcel; Awedew, Atalel Fentahun; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayenew, Temesgen; Azab, Mohammed A.; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Azari Jafari, Amirhossein; Azarian, Ghasem; Azzam, Ahmed Y.; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bahadory, Saeed; Baig, Atif Amin; Baker, Jennifer L.; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Banach, Maciej; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barone-Adesi, Francesco; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Behzadifar, Masoud; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M. Mequanint; Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint; Bhagat, Devidas S.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S.; Bibi, Sadia; Bijani, Ali; Biondi, Antonio; Bisignano, Catherine; Bjørge, Tone; Bleyer, Archie; Blyuss, Oleg; Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brar, Amanpreet; Brenner, Hermann; Bustamante-Teixeira, Maria Teresa; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cao, Yin; Carreras, Giulia; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Cembranel, Francieli; Cerin, Ester; Cernigliaro, Achille; Chakinala, Raja Chandra; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Conde, Joao; Cortés, Sanda; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cunha, Amanda Ramos; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; das Neves, José; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Huyen Phuc; Doaei, Saeid; Dorostkar, Fariba; dos Santos Figueiredo, Francisco Winter; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; El Tantawi, Maha; El-Abid, Hassan; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; Elhadi, Muhammed; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Etemadi, Arash; Ezzikouri, Sayeh; Faisaluddin, Mohammed; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fares, Jawad; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feroze, Abdullah Hamid; Ferrero, Simone; Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Foroutan, Masoud; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gadanya, Muktar A.; Gallus, Silvano; Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana; Getachew Obsa, Abera; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam; Gilani, Syed Amir; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T.; Glasbey, James C.; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goleij, Pouya; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goudarzi, Houman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guerra, Maximiliano Ribeiro; Guha, Avirup; Gunasekera, D. Sanjeeva; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Halwani, Rabih; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shafiul; Harlianto, Netanja I.; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari, Mohammad; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hsairi, Mohamed; Huang, Junjie; Hugo, Fernando N.; Hussain, Rabia; Hussein, Nawfal R.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ida, Fidelia; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Islam, Jessica Y.; Islam, Rakibul M.; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Iwagami, Masao; Jacob, Louis; Jain, Vardhmaan; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B.; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jürisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kahrizi, Danial; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kaliyadan, Feroze; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar; Kamath, Ashwin; Kameran Al-Salihi, Nawzad; Kandel, Himal; Kapoor, Neeti; Karch, André; Kasa, Ayele Semachew; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kauppila, Joonas H.; Kavetskyy, Taras; Kebede, Sewnet Adem; Keshavarz, Pedram; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman; Khan, Moien A. B.; Khang, Young-Ho; Khater, Amir M.; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Kim, Gyu Ri; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kopec, Jacek A.; Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Koyanagi, Ai; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kumar, Nithin; Kurmi, Om P.; Kutluk, Tezer; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Iván; Lauriola, Paolo; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Yo Han; Leigh, James; Leong, Elvynna; Li, Jiarui; Li, Ming-Chieh; Liu, Xuefeng; Loureiro, Joana A.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Majeed, Azeem; Makki, Alaa; Male, Shilpa; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Martini, Santi; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mathur, Prashant; McKee, Martin; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miao Jonasson, Junmei; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Miller, Ted R.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafiu; Moka, Nagabhishek; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moosavi, Mohammad Amin; Moradi, Yousef; Moraga, Paula; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mubarik, Sumaira; Mwanri, Lillian; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Nagata, Chie; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Nduaguba, Sabina O.; Negoi, Ionut; Negru, Serban Mircea; Neupane Kandel, Sandhya; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Noor, Nurulamin M.; Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe; Oancea, Bogdan; Ochir, Chimedsuren; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Omar, Emad; Omar Bali, Ahmed; Omonisi, Abidemi E. Emmanuel; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Orru, Hans; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; P A, Mahesh; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakshir, Keyvan; Pana, Adrian; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pardhan, Shahina; Park, Eun-Cheol; Park, Eun-Kee; Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh; Patel, Harsh K.; Patel, Jenil R.; Pati, Siddhartha; Pattanshetty, Sanjay M.; Paudel, Uttam; Pereira, David M.; Pereira, Renato B.; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Pillay, Julian David; Pirouzpanah, Saeed; Pishgar, Farhad; Podder, Indrashis; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Prashant, Akila; Preotescu, Liliana; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman; Rafiee, Ata; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimzadeh, Shadi; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rajai, Nazanin; Rajesh, Aashish; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Ranabhat, Kamal; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Roberts, Thomas J.; Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia; Rohloff, Peter; Romoli, Michele; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; S, Manjula; Sabour, Siamak; Saddik, Basema; Saeed, Umar; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahoo, Harihar; Salehi, Sana; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sankararaman, Senthilkumar; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Sardiwalla, Yaeesh; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawhney, Monika; Saylan, Mete; Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola; Sekerija, Mario; Seylani, Allen; Shafaat, Omid; Shaghaghi, Zahra; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shamsoddin, Erfan; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharma, Rajesh; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhbahaei, Sara; Shetty, Adithi; Shetty, Jeevan K.; Shetty, Pavanchand H.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K. M.; Shivarov, Velizar; Siabani, Soraya; Siddappa Malleshappa, Sudeep K.; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Sintayehu, Yitagesu; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Soeberg, Matthew J.; Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad; Sotoudeh, Houman; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Straif, Kurt; Subedi, Ranjeeta; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sultan, Iyad; Sultana, Saima; Sur, Daniel; Szerencsés, Viktória; Szócska, Miklós; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadbiri, Hooman; Taherkhani, Amir; Takahashi, Ken; Talaat, Iman M.; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tat, Vivian Y.; Tedla, Bemnet Amare A.; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Gizachew Assefa; Thapar, Rekha; Thavamani, Aravind; Thoguluva Chandrasekar, Viveksandeep; Thomas, Nihal; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tran, Khanh Bao; Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc; Tripathy, Jaya Prasad; Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno; Ullah, Irfan; Ullah, Saif; Umapathi, Krishna Kishore; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Vacante, Marco; Vaezi, Maryam; Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel; Velazquez, Diana Zuleika; Veroux, Massimiliano; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vo, Bay; Volovici, Victor; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Wamai, Richard G.; Ward, Paul; Wen, Yi Feng; Westerman, Ronny; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Yadav, Lalit; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein; Yang, Lin; Yaya, Sanni; Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Yeshaw, Yigizie; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yu, Chuanhua; Yuce, Deniz; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zadnik, Vesna; Zare, Fariba; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhong, Chenwen; Zhou, Linghui; Zhu, Cong; Ziapour, Arash; Zimmermann, Ivan R.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Force, Lisa M. (JAMA Oncology, American Medical Association (AMA), 2021-12-30) [Article]
      Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world..
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      Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019

      Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Compton, Kelly; Dean, Frances E.; Fu, Weijia; Gaw, Brian L.; Harvey, James D.; Henrikson, Hannah Jacqueline; Lu, Dan; Pennini, Alyssa; Xu, Rixing; Ababneh, Emad; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M.; Abdoli, Amir; Abedi, Aidin; Abidi, Hassan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Aghaali, Mohammad; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Sajjad; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed Rashid, Tarik; Ahmed Salih, Yusra; Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse; Aklilu, Addis; Akram, Tayyaba; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Ali, Saqib; Alimohamadi, Yousef; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkhayyat, Motasem; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali; Almustanyir, Sami; Alonso, Nivaldo; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amu, Hubert; Anbesu, Etsay Woldu; Ancuceanu, Robert; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antwi, Maxwell Hubert; Anvari, Davood; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariffin, Hany; Aripov, Timur; Arshad, Muhammad; Artaman, Al; Arulappan, Judie; Asemi, Zatollah; Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Ashraf, Tahira; Atorkey, Prince; Aujayeb, Avinash; Ausloos, Marcel; Awedew, Atalel Fentahun; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayenew, Temesgen; Azab, Mohammed A.; Azadnajafabad, Sina; Azari Jafari, Amirhossein; Azarian, Ghasem; Azzam, Ahmed Y.; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bahadory, Saeed; Baig, Atif Amin; Baker, Jennifer L.; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Banach, Maciej; Bärnighausen, Till Winfried; Barone-Adesi, Francesco; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Behzadifar, Masoud; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M. Mequanint; Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint; Bhagat, Devidas S.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S.; Bibi, Sadia; Bijani, Ali; Biondi, Antonio; Bisignano, Catherine; Bjørge, Tone; Bleyer, Archie; Blyuss, Oleg; Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brar, Amanpreet; Brenner, Hermann; Bustamante-Teixeira, Maria Teresa; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cao, Yin; Carreras, Giulia; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Cembranel, Francieli; Cerin, Ester; Cernigliaro, Achille; Chakinala, Raja Chandra; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Conde, Joao; Cortés, Sanda; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cunha, Amanda Ramos; Dadras, Omid; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; das Neves, José; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dhamnetiya, Deepak; Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Huyen Phuc; Doaei, Saeid; Dorostkar, Fariba; dos Santos Figueiredo, Francisco Winter; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; El Tantawi, Maha; El-Abid, Hassan; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; Elhadi, Muhammed; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Etemadi, Arash; Ezzikouri, Sayeh; Faisaluddin, Mohammed; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fares, Jawad; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feroze, Abdullah Hamid; Ferrero, Simone; Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Foroutan, Masoud; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gadanya, Muktar A.; Gallus, Silvano; Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana; Getachew Obsa, Abera; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam; Gilani, Syed Amir; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T.; Glasbey, James C.; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goleij, Pouya; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goudarzi, Houman; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guerra, Maximiliano Ribeiro; Guha, Avirup; Gunasekera, D. Sanjeeva; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Halwani, Rabih; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Haque, Shafiul; Harlianto, Netanja I.; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari, Mohammad; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hezam, Kamal; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hsairi, Mohamed; Huang, Junjie; Hugo, Fernando N.; Hussain, Rabia; Hussein, Nawfal R.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ida, Fidelia; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Islam, Jessica Y.; Islam, Rakibul M.; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Iwagami, Masao; Jacob, Louis; Jain, Vardhmaan; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B.; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jürisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kahrizi, Danial; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kaliyadan, Feroze; Kalkonde, Yogeshwar; Kamath, Ashwin; Kameran Al-Salihi, Nawzad; Kandel, Himal; Kapoor, Neeti; Karch, André; Kasa, Ayele Semachew; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kauppila, Joonas H.; Kavetskyy, Taras; Kebede, Sewnet Adem; Keshavarz, Pedram; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman; Khan, Moien A. B.; Khang, Young-Ho; Khater, Amir M.; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Kim, Gyu Ri; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kopec, Jacek A.; Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi; Koyanagi, Ai; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kumar, Nithin; Kurmi, Om P.; Kutluk, Tezer; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Iván; Lauriola, Paolo; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Yo Han; Leigh, James; Leong, Elvynna; Li, Jiarui; Li, Ming-Chieh; Liu, Xuefeng; Loureiro, Joana A.; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed; Majeed, Azeem; Makki, Alaa; Male, Shilpa; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Martini, Santi; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mathur, Prashant; McKee, Martin; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miao Jonasson, Junmei; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Miller, Ted R.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Misra, Sanjeev; Mithra, Prasanna; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafiu; Moka, Nagabhishek; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moosavi, Mohammad Amin; Moradi, Yousef; Moraga, Paula; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mubarik, Sumaira; Mwanri, Lillian; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Nagata, Chie; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Nduaguba, Sabina O.; Negoi, Ionut; Negru, Serban Mircea; Neupane Kandel, Sandhya; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Noor, Nurulamin M.; Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe; Oancea, Bogdan; Ochir, Chimedsuren; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Omar, Emad; Omar Bali, Ahmed; Omonisi, Abidemi E. Emmanuel; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Orru, Hans; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; P A, Mahesh; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakshir, Keyvan; Pana, Adrian; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pardhan, Shahina; Park, Eun-Cheol; Park, Eun-Kee; Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh; Patel, Harsh K.; Patel, Jenil R.; Pati, Siddhartha; Pattanshetty, Sanjay M.; Paudel, Uttam; Pereira, David M.; Pereira, Renato B.; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Pillay, Julian David; Pirouzpanah, Saeed; Pishgar, Farhad; Podder, Indrashis; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Prashant, Akila; Preotescu, Liliana; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman; Rafiee, Ata; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimzadeh, Shadi; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rajai, Nazanin; Rajesh, Aashish; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Ranabhat, Kamal; Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Rao, Chythra R.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Roberts, Thomas J.; Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia; Rohloff, Peter; Romoli, Michele; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; S, Manjula; Sabour, Siamak; Saddik, Basema; Saeed, Umar; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahoo, Harihar; Salehi, Sana; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Samaei, Mehrnoosh; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sankararaman, Senthilkumar; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Sardiwalla, Yaeesh; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sawhney, Monika; Saylan, Mete; Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola; Sekerija, Mario; Seylani, Allen; Shafaat, Omid; Shaghaghi, Zahra; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shamsoddin, Erfan; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharma, Rajesh; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhbahaei, Sara; Shetty, Adithi; Shetty, Jeevan K.; Shetty, Pavanchand H.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K. M.; Shivarov, Velizar; Siabani, Soraya; Siddappa Malleshappa, Sudeep K.; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Sintayehu, Yitagesu; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Soeberg, Matthew J.; Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad; Sotoudeh, Houman; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Straif, Kurt; Subedi, Ranjeeta; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Sultan, Iyad; Sultana, Saima; Sur, Daniel; Szerencsés, Viktória; Szócska, Miklós; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadbiri, Hooman; Taherkhani, Amir; Takahashi, Ken; Talaat, Iman M.; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tat, Vivian Y.; Tedla, Bemnet Amare A.; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Gizachew Assefa; Thapar, Rekha; Thavamani, Aravind; Thoguluva Chandrasekar, Viveksandeep; Thomas, Nihal; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Tran, Khanh Bao; Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc; Tripathy, Jaya Prasad; Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno; Ullah, Irfan; Ullah, Saif; Umapathi, Krishna Kishore; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Vacante, Marco; Vaezi, Maryam; Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel; Velazquez, Diana Zuleika; Veroux, Massimiliano; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vo, Bay; Volovici, Victor; Vu, Giang Thu; Waheed, Yasir; Wamai, Richard G.; Ward, Paul; Wen, Yi Feng; Westerman, Ronny; Winkler, Andrea Sylvia; Yadav, Lalit; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein; Yang, Lin; Yaya, Sanni; Yazie, Taklo Simeneh Yazie; Yeshaw, Yigizie; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yu, Chuanhua; Yuce, Deniz; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zadnik, Vesna; Zare, Fariba; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhong, Chenwen; Zhou, Linghui; Zhu, Cong; Ziapour, Arash; Zimmermann, Ivan R.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Force, Lisa M. (JAMA Oncology, American Medical Association (AMA), 2021-12-30) [Article]
      Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world..
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