Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
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Sbarra, Alyssa N.Rolfe, Sam
Nguyen, Jason Q.
Earl, Lucas
Galles, Natalie C.
Marks, Ashley
Abbas, Kaja M.
Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen
Abbastabar, Hedayat
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdelalim, Ahmed
Abdollahi, Mohammad
Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
Abiy, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu
Abolhassani, Hassan
Abreu, Lucas Guimarães
Abrigo, Michael R.M.
Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.
Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou
Adabi, Maryam
Adebayo, Oladimeji M.
Adekanmbi, Victor
Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.
Adham, Davoud
Afarideh, Mohsen
Aghaali, Mohammad
Ahmad, Tauseef
Ahmadi, Raman
Ahmadi, Keivan
Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
Alanzi, Turki M.
Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth
Alemnew, Birhan Tamene
Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir
Ali, Muhammad
Alijanzadeh, Mehran
Alinia, Cyrus
Alipoor, Reza
Alipour, Vahid
Alizade, Hesam
Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
Almasi, Ali
Almasi-Hashiani, Amir
Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.
Altirkawi, Khalid A.
Amare, Bekalu
Amini, Saeed
Amini-Rarani, Mostafa
Amiri, Fatemeh
Amit, Arianna Maever L.
Amugsi, Dickson A.
Ancuceanu, Robert
Andrei, Catalina Liliana
Anjomshoa, Mina
Ansari, Fereshteh
Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza
Ansha, Mustafa Geleto
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Antriyandarti, Ernoiz
Anvari, Davood
Arabloo, Jalal
Arab-Zozani, Morteza
Aremu, Olatunde
Armoon, Bahram
Aryal, Krishna K.
Arzani, Afsaneh
Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran
Asgari, Samaneh
Atafar, Zahra
Ausloos, Marcel
Awoke, Nefsu
Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
Ayanore, Martin Amogre
Aynalem, Yared Asmare
Azadmehr, Abbas
Azari, Samad
Babaee, Ebrahim
Badawi, Alaa
Badiye, Ashish D.
Bahrami, Mohammad Amin
Baig, Atif Amin
Bakhtiari, Ahad
Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar
Banach, Maciej
Banik, Palash Chandra
Barac, Aleksandra
Baradaran-Seyed, Zahra
Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher
Basu, Sanjay
Bayati, Mohsen
Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw
Bedi, Neeraj
Behzadifar, Masoud
Bell, Michelle L.
Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema
Berhe, Kidanemaryam
Bhattarai, Suraj
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
Bijani, Ali
Birhanu, Minyichil
Bisanzio, Donal
Biswas, Atanu
Bohlouli, Somayeh
Bolla, Srinivasa Rao
Borzouei, Shiva
Brady, Oliver J.
Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich
Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina
Butt, Zahid A.
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.
Car, Josip
Cárdenas, Rosario
Carvalho, Felix
Castaldelli-Maia, João Maurício
Castro, Franz
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Chehrazi, Mohammad
Chin, Ken Lee
Chu, Dinh Toi
Cook, Aubrey J.
Cormier, Natalie Maria
Cunningham, Brandon
Dahlawi, Saad M.A.
Damiani, Giovanni
Dandona, Rakhi
Dandona, Lalit
Danovaro, M. Carolina
Dansereau, Emily
Daoud, Farah
Darwesh, Aso Mohammad
Darwish, Amira Hamed
Das, Jai K.
Weaver, Nicole Davis
De Neve, Jan Walter
Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen
Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Desalew, Assefa
Deshpande, Aniruddha
Desta, Desilu Mahari
Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
Dhungana, Govinda Prasad
Dianatinasab, Mostafa
Diaz, Daniel
Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi
Djalalinia, Shirin
Do, Hoa Thi
Dorostkar, Fariba
Doshmangir, Leila
Doyle, Kerrie E.
Dunachie, Susanna J.
Duraes, Andre Rodrigues
Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi
Leylabadlo, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Effiong, Andem
Eftekhari, Aziz
El Sayed, Iman
El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
Elema, Teshome Bekele
Elhabashy, Hala Rashad
El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.
Elsharkawy, Aisha
Emamian, Mohammad Hassan
Enany, Shymaa
Eshrati, Babak
Eskandari, Khalil
Eskandarieh, Sharareh
Esmaeilnejad, Saman
Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz
Esteghamati, Alireza
Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas
Farahmand, Mohammad
Faraon, Emerito Jose A.
Fareed, Mohammad
Faridnia, Roghiyeh
Farioli, Andrea
Farzadfar, Farshad
Fattahi, Nazir
Fazlzadeh, Mehdi
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad
Fernandes, Eduarda
Filip, Irina
Fischer, Florian
Foigt, Nataliya A.
Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
Foroutan, Masoud
Fukumoto, Takeshi
Fullman, Nancy
Gad, Mohamed M.
Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle
Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde
Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen
Gebremariam, Kidane Tadesse
Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork
Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn
Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew
Gedefaw, Getnet Azeze
Gezae, Kebede Embaye
Ghadiri, Keyghobad
Ghaffari, Reza
Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh
Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa
Gheshlagh, Reza Ghanei
Ghashghaee, Ahmad
Ghiasvand, Hesam
Gholamian, Asadollah
Gilani, Syed Amir
Gill, Paramjit Singh
Girmay, Alem
Gomes, Nelson G.M.
Gopalani, Sameer Vali
Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia
Grada, Ayman
Guimarães, Rafael Alves
Guo, Yuming
Gupta, Rahul
Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin
Haj-Mirzaian, Arya
Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes
Hanif, Asif
Haririan, Hamidreza
Hasaballah, Ahmed I.
Hasan, Md Mehedi
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Hassankhani, Hadi
Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza
Henry, Nathaniel J.
Herteliu, Claudiu
Heydarpour, Fatemeh
Hollerich, Gillian I.
Rad, Enayatollah Homaie
Hoogar, Praveen
Hossain, Naznin
Hosseini, Mostafa
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Househ, Mowafa
Hu, Guoqing
Huda, Tanvir M.
Humayun, Ayesha
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Ikilezi, Gloria
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Ilic, Irena M.
Ilic, Milena D.
Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan
Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja
Iqbal, Usman
Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Islam, M. Mofizul
Iwu, Chinwe Juliana
Iwu, Chidozie C.D.
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Jahanmehr, Nader
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John, Oommen
Johnson, Kimberly B.
Joukar, Farahnaz
Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
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Kabir, Ali
Kalani, Hamed
Kalankesh, Leila R.
Kalhor, Rohollah
Kamal, Zul
Kanchan, Tanuj
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Karami, Manoochehr
Matin, Behzad Karami
Karch, André
Karimi, Salah Eddin
Kayode, Gbenga A.
Karyani, Ali Kazemi
Keiyoro, Peter Njenga
Khader, Yousef Saleh
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Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
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Khan, Md Nuruzzaman
Khatab, Khaled
Khater, Mona M.
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Khayamzadeh, Maryam
Khazaei, Mojtaba
Khazaei, Salman
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Khubchandani, Jagdish
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Kim, Yun Jin
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Liu, Patrick Y.
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Masaka, Anthony
Mayala, Benjamin K.
Mehndiratta, Man Mohan
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Mehta, Kala M.
Memiah, Peter T.N.
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Menezes, Ritesh G.
Mengesha, Meresa Berwo
Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku
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Lim, Stephen S.
Mosser, Jonathan F.
Date
2020-12-16Submitted Date
2020-05-01Permanent link to this record
http://hdl.handle.net/10754/668192
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Show full item recordAbstract
The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.Citation
(2020). Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03043-4Sponsors
This work was primarily supported by grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1182474, OPP11093011 and OPP1132415). S.I.H. is funded by additional grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1119467 and OPP1106023). The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the World Health Organization. J.-W.D.N. was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. C.H. is partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084, and a grant co-funded by the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Y.J.K. acknowledges support by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). K. Krishan is supported by a DST PURSE Grant and UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B.L. acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. M.A.M. acknowledges NIGEB and NIMAD grants. A. Sheikh acknowledges support by Health Data Research UK. S.B.Z. acknowledges support from the Australian Government research training program (RTP) for his academic career.Publisher
Springer NatureJournal
NatureAdditional Links
http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03043-4ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1038/s41586-020-03043-4
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Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systemsCork, Michael A.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Watson, Stefanie; Croneberger, Andrew J.; Baumann, Mathew; Letourneau, Ian D.; Yang, Mingyou; Serfes, Audrey L.; Abbas, Jaffar; Abbasi, Nooshin; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abreu, Lucas G.; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Achappa, Basavaprabhu; Adabi, Maryam; Adal, Tadele G.; Adegbosin, Adeyinka E.; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Agudelo-Botero, Marcela; Ahinkorah, Bright O.; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Muktar B.; Alhassan, Robert K.; Alipour, Vahid; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Ancuceanu, Robert; Andrei, Tudorel; Anvari, Davood; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Aremu, Olatunde; Asaad, Malke; Atnafu, Desta D.; Atreya, Alok; Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz; Azari, Samad; B B, Darshan; Baig, Atif A.; Banach, Maciej; Bante, Simachew A.; Barboza, Miguel A.; Basu, Sanjay; Bedi, Neeraj; Bejarano Ramirez, Diana; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Beyene, Fentahun Y.; Bezabih, Yihienew M.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya S.; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bijani, Ali; Birlik, Sait M.; Bitew, Zebenay W.; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Boloor, Archith; Brunoni, Andre R.; Butt, Zahid A.; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carvalho, Felix; Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Joao; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Mohiuddin; Christopher, Devasahayam J.; Chu, Dinh Toi; Cook, Aubrey J.; Cormier, Natalie M.; M A Dahlawi, Saad; Daoud, Farah; A Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio; Weaver, Nicole Davis; P De la Hoz, Fernando; Demeke, Feleke M.; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Deuba, Keshab; Dharmaratne, Samath D.; Dhungana, Govinda P.; Diaz, Daniel; Djalalinia, Shirin; Duraes, Andre R.; Eagan, Arielle W.; Earl, Lucas; Effiong, Andem; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; Tantawi, Maha El; Elayedath, Rajesh; I El-Jaafary, Shaimaa; Jose A Faraon, Emerito; Faro, Andre; Fattahi, Nazir; Fauk, Nelsensius K.; Fernandes, Eduarda; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Foroutan, Masoud; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gad, Mohamed M.; B B Gebremariam, Tesfay; Gebremedhin, Ketema B.; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak G.; Gesesew, Hailay A.; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gilani, Syed Amir; Golechha, Mahaveer; Gori, Ugo; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Bárbara N.G.; Gugnani, Harish C.; D C Guimaraes, Mark; A Guimarães, Rafael; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Haeuser, Emily; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Haile, Teklehaimanot G.; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hanif, Asif; Hargono, Arief; Hariyani, Ninuk; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Hayat, Khezar; Herteliu, Claudiu; Ho, Hung Chak; Holla, Ramesh; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Househ, Mowafa; Hwang, Bing Fang; Ibeneme, Charles U.; Ibitoye, Segun E.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka S.; Ilic, Milena D.; Ilic, Irena M.; Iqbal, Usman; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jain, Vardhmaan; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jha, Ravi P.; Johnson, Kimberly B.; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kanchan, Tanuj; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, André; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Kassahun, Getinet; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keramati, Maryam; Khalid, Nauman; Khan, Ejaz A.; Khan, Gulfaraz; Nuruzzaman N Khan, Md; Khatab, Khaled; Kianipour, Neda; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Sezer; Kisa, Adnan; Kosen, Soewarta; Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S.; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Manasi; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Vecchia, Carlo La; Lal, Dharmesh K.; Landires, Iván; Lasrado, Savita; Lee, Paul H.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Li, Bingyu; Li, Shanshan; Liu, Xuefeng; I M. Amin, Hawraz; Machado, Daiane B.; Madi, Deepak; Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos; Malta, Deborah C.; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Manzar, Md Dilshad; A Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos; R Martins-Melo, Francisco; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mayala, Benjamin K.; E Medina-Solís, Carlo; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mirica, Andreea; Moazen, Babak; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi, Yousef; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mustafa, Ghulam; Mwanri, Lillian; Nagaraja, Ravishankar; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan J.; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nascimento, Bruno R.; Naveed, Dr M.; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Negash, Hadush; Negoi, Ionut; Nepal, Samata; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Nguyen, Cuong T.; L T Nguyen, Huong; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Ogbo, Felix A.; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Otstavnov, Nikita; P A, Mahesh; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; R Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu; M Pardo-Montaño, Ana; Patel, Urvish K.; Pawar, Shrikant; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Alexandre; Perkins, Samantha; Pescarini, Julia M.; Pokhrel, Khem N.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pottoo, Faheem H.; Prada, Sergio I.; Preotescu, Liliana; R A Pribadi, Dimas; Radfar, Amir; Rahim, Fakher; Hifz Ur Rahman, Mohammad; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Juwel; Ranabhat, Chhabi L.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, Salman; Rawaf, David L.; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Renjith, Vishnu; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Roever, Leonardo; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan F.; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Sagar, Rajesh; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salem, Marwa R.; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo; Sathian, Brijesh; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; J C Schneider, Ione; Seidu, Abdul Aziz; Sha, Feng; Shaikh, Masood A.; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sheikh, Aziz; Shibuya, Kenji; Shin, Jae Il; A S Silva, Diego; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Skryabin, Valentin Y.; Skryabina, Anna A.; Sligar, Amber; Soheili, Amin; Steuben, Krista M.; Sufiyan, Mu’awiyyah B.; Tadesse, Eyayou G.; K T Tesema, Ayenew; Tesfay, Fisaha H.; Thapar, Rekha; Thompson, Robert L.; Tovani-Palone, Marcos; Tran, Bach X.; Tsegaye, Gebiyaw W.; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma D.; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Vasseghian, Yasser; Violante, Francesco S.; Vo, Bay; Vu, Giang T.; Waheed, Yasir; Wang, Yuan Pang; Wang, Yanzhong; Ward, Paul; Welay, Fissaha T.; Westerman, Ronny; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan D.; Yaya, Sanni; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yu, Chuanhua; Yuce, Deniz; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Zamanian, Maryam; Zastrozhin, Mikhail S.; Zhang, Zhi Jiang; Zhang, Yunquan; Ziapour, Arash; Hay, Simon I.; Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura (BMC Medicine, Springer Nature, 2021-01-08) [Article]Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods: We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results: All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries—apart from Ecuador—across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups—the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. Conclusions: Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.
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State of the climate in 2016Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P.; Ackerman, Steven A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Adler, Robert F.; Albanil, Adelina; Alfaro, E. J.; Allan, Rob; Alves, Lincoln M.; Amador, Jorge A.; Andreassen, L. M.; Arendt, A.; Arévalo, Juan; Arndt, Derek S.; Arzhanova, N. M.; Aschan, M. M.; Azorin-Molina, César; Banzon, Viva; Bardin, M. U.; Barichivich, Jonathan; Baringer, Molly O.; Barreira, Sandra; Baxter, Stephen; Bazo, Juan; Becker, Andreas; Bedka, Kristopher M.; Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Bell, Gerald D.; Belmont, M.; Benedetti, Angela; Bernhard, G.; Berrisford, Paul; Berry, David I.; Bettolli, María L.; Bhatt, U. S.; Bidegain, Mario; Bill, Brian D.; Billheimer, Sam; Bissolli, Peter; Blake, Eric S.; Blunden, Jessica; Bosilovich, Michael G.; Boucher, Olivier; Boudet, Dagne; Box, J. E.; Boyer, Tim; Braathen, Geir O.; Bromwich, David H.; Brown, R.; Bulygina, Olga N.; Burgess, D.; Calderón, Blanca; Camargo, Suzana J.; Campbell, Jayaka D.; Cappelen, J.; Carrasco, Gualberto; Carter, Brendan R.; Chambers, Don P.; Chandler, Elise; Christiansen, Hanne H.; Christy, John R.; Chung, Daniel; Chung, E. S.; Cinque, Kathy; Clem, Kyle R.; Coelho, Caio A.; Cogley, J. G.; Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie; Colwell, Steve; Cooper, Owen R.; Copland, L.; Cosca, Catherine E.; Cross, Jessica N.; Crotwell, Molly J.; Crouch, Jake; Davis, Sean M.; De Eyto, Elvira; De Jeu, Richard A.M.; De Laat, Jos; Degasperi, Curtis L.; Degenstein, Doug; Demircan, M.; Derksen, C.; Destin, Dale; Di Girolamo, Larry; Di Giuseppe, F.; Diamond, Howard J.; Dlugokencky, Ed J.; Dohan, Kathleen; Dokulil, Martin T.; Dolgov, A. V.; Dolman, A. Johannes; Domingues, Catia M.; Donat, Markus G.; Dong, Shenfu; Dorigo, Wouter A.; Dortch, Quay; Doucette, Greg; Drozdov, D. S.; Ducklow, Hugh; Dunn, Robert J.H.; Durán-Quesada, Ana M.; Dutton, Geoff S.; Ebrahim, A.; Elkharrim, M.; Elkins, James W.; Espinoza, Jhan C.; Etienne-Leblanc, Sheryl; Evans, Thomas E.; Famiglietti, James S.; Farrell, S.; Fateh, S.; Fausto, Robert S.; Fedaeff, Nava; Feely, Richard A.; Feng, Z.; Fenimore, Chris; Fettweis, X.; Fioletov, Vitali E.; Flemming, Johannes; Fogarty, Chris T.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Folland, Chris; Fonseca, C.; Fossheim, M.; Foster, Michael J.; Fountain, Andrew; Francis, S. D.; Franz, Bryan A.; Frey, Richard A.; Frith, Stacey M.; Froidevaux, Lucien; Ganter, Catherine; Garzoli, Silvia; Gerland, S.; Gobron, Nadine; Goldenberg, Stanley B.; Gomez, R. Sorbonne; Goni, Gustavo; Goto, A.; Grooß, J. U.; Gruber, Alexander; Guard, Charles Chip; Gugliemin, Mauro; Gupta, S. K.; Gutiérrez, J. M.; Hagos, S.; Hahn, Sebastian; Haimberger, Leo; Hakkarainen, J.; Hall, Brad D.; Halpert, Michael S.; Hamlington, Benjamin D.; Hanna, E.; Hansen, K.; Hanssen-Bauer, I.; Harris, Ian; Heidinger, Andrew K.; Heikkilä, A.; Heil, A.; Heim, Richard R.; Hendricks, S.; Hernández, Marieta; Hidalgo, Hugo G.; Hilburn, Kyle; Ho, Shu Peng Ben; Holmes, R. M.; Hu, Zeng Zhen; Huang, Boyin; Huelsing, Hannah K.; Huffman, George J.; Hughes, C.; Hurst, Dale F.; Ialongo, I.; Ijampy, J. A.; Ingvaldsen, R. B.; Inness, Antje; Isaksen, K.; Ishii, Masayoshi; Jevrejeva, Svetlana; Jiménez, C.; Jin, Xiangze; Johannesen, E.; John, Viju; Johnsen, B.; Johnson, Bryan; Johnson, Gregory C.; Jones, Philip D.; Joseph, Annie C.; Jumaux, Guillaume; Kabidi, Khadija; Kaiser, Johannes W.; Kato, Seiji; Kazemi, A.; Keller, Linda M.; Kendon, Mike; Kennedy, John; Kerr, Kenneth; Kholodov, A. L.; Khoshkam, Mahbobeh; Killick, Rachel; Kim, Hyungjun; Kim, S. J.; Kimberlain, Todd B.; Klotzbach, Philip J.; Knaff, John A.; Kobayashi, Shinya; Kohler, J.; Korhonen, Johanna; Korshunova, Natalia N.; Kovacs, K. M.; Kramarova, Natalya; Kratz, D. P.; Kruger, Andries; Kruk, Michael C.; Kudela, Raphael; Kumar, Arun; Lakatos, M.; Lakkala, K.; Lander, Mark A.; Landsea, Chris W.; Lankhorst, Matthias; Lantz, Kathleen; Lazzara, Matthew A.; Lemons, P.; Leuliette, Eric; L’Heureux, Michelle; Lieser, Jan L.; Lin, I. I.; Liu, Hongxing; Liu, Yinghui; Locarnini, Ricardo; Loeb, Norman G.; Lo Monaco, Claire; Long, Craig S.; López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Loyola, Diego; Lumpkin, Rick; Luo, Jing Jia; Luojus, K.; Lydersen, C.; Lyman, John M.; Maberly, Stephen C.; Maddux, Brent C.; Malheiros Ramos, Andrea; Malkova, G. V.; Manney, G.; Marcellin, Vernie; Marchenko, S. S.; Marengo, José A.; Marra, John J.; Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz; Martens, B.; Martínez-Güingla, Rodney; Massom, Robert A.; Mata, Mauricio M.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; May, Linda; Mayer, Michael; Mazloff, Matthew; McBride, Charlotte; McCabe, Matthew; McCarthy, M.; McClelland, J. W.; McGree, Simon; McVicar, Tim R.; Mears, Carl A.; Meier, W.; Meinen, Christopher S.; Mekonnen, A.; Menéndez, Melisa; Mengistu Tsidu, G.; Menzel, W. Paul; Merchant, Christopher J.; Meredith, Michael P.; Merrifield, Mark A.; Metzl, N.; Minnis, Patrick; Miralles, Diego G.; Mistelbauer, T.; Mitchum, Gary T.; Monselesan, Didier; Monteiro, Pedro; Montzka, Stephen A.; Morice, Colin; Mote, T.; Mudryk, L.; Mühle, Jens; Mullan, A. Brett; Nash, Eric R.; Naveira-Garabato, Alberto C.; Nerem, R. Steven; Newman, Paul A.; Nieto, Juan José; Noetzli, Jeannette; O’Neel, S.; Osborn, Tim J.; Overland, J.; Oyunjargal, Lamjav; Parinussa, Robert M.; Park, E. Hyung; Parker, David; Parrington, M.; Parsons, A. Rost; Pasch, Richard J.; Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo; Paterson, Andrew M.; Paulik, Christoph; Pearce, Petra R.; Pelto, Mauri S.; Peng, Liang; Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E.; Perovich, D.; Petropavlovskikh, Irina; Pezza, Alexandre B.; Phillips, David; Pinty, Bernard; Pitts, Michael C.; Pons, M. R.; Porter, Avalon O.; Primicerio, R.; Proshutinsky, A.; Quegan, Sean; Quintana, Juan; Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh; Rajeevan, Madhavan; Randriamarolaza, L.; Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N.; Reagan, James; Reid, Phillip; Reimer, Christoph; Rémy, Samuel; Renwick, James A.; Revadekar, Jayashree V.; Richter-Menge, J.; Riffler, Michael; Rimmer, Alon; Rintoul, Steve; Robinson, David A.; Rodell, Matthew; Rodríguez Solís, José L.; Romanovsky, Vladimir E.; Ronchail, Josyane; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Roth, Chris; Rusak, James A.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Sallée, Jean Bapiste; Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira; Santee, Michelle L.; Sawaengphokhai, P.; Sayouri, Amal; Scambos, Ted A.; Schemm, Jae; Schladow, S. Geoffrey; Schmid, Claudia; Schmid, Martin, Eawag; Schmidtko, Sunke; Schreck, Carl J.; Selkirk, H. B.; Send, Uwe; Sensoy, Serhat; Setzer, Alberto; Sharp, M.; Shaw, Adrian; Shi, Lei; Shiklomanov, A. I.; Shiklomanov, Nikolai I.; Siegel, David A.; Signorini, Sergio R.; Sima, Fatou; Simmons, Adrian J.; Smeets, C. J.P.P.; Smith, Sharon L.; Spence, Jaqueline M.; Srivastava, A. K.; Stackhouse, Paul W.; Stammerjohn, Sharon; Steinbrecht, Wolfgang; Stella, José L.; Stengel, Martin; Stennett-Brown, Roxann; Stephenson, Tannecia S.; Strahan, Susan; Streletskiy, D. A.; Sun-Mack, Sunny; Swart, Sebastiaan; Sweet, William; Talley, Lynne D.; Tamar, Gerard; Tank, S. E.; Taylor, Michael A.; Tedesco, M.; Teubner, Katrin; Thoman, R. L.; Thompson, Philip; Thomson, L.; Timmermans, M. L.; Timofeev, Maxim A.; Tirnanes, Joaquin A.; Tobin, Skie; Trachte, Katja; Trainer, Vera L.; Tretiakov, M.; Trewin, Blair C.; Trotman, Adrian R.; Tschudi, M.; Van As, D.; Van De Wal, R. S.W.; van der A., Ronald J.; Van Der Schalie, Robin; Van Der Schrier, Gerard; Van Der Werf, Guido R.; Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J.; Velicogna, I.; Verburg, Piet; Vigneswaran, Bala; Vincent, Lucie A.; Volkov, Denis; Vose, Russell S.; Wagner, Wolfgang; Wåhlin, Anna; Wahr, J.; Walsh, J.; Wang, Chunzai; Wang, Junhong; Wang, Lei; Wang, M.; Wang, Sheng Hung; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watanabe, Shohei; Weber, Mark; Weller, Robert A.; Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.; Whitewood, Robert; Wijffels, Susan E.; Wilber, Anne C.; Wild, Jeanette D.; Willett, Kate M.; Williams, Michael J.M.; Willie, Shem; Wolken, G.; Wong, Takmeng; Wood, E. F.; Woolway, R. Iestyn; Wouters, B.; Xue, Yan; Yamada, Ryuji; Yim, So Young; Yin, Xungang; Young, Steven H.; Yu, Lisan; Zahid, H.; Zambrano, Eduardo; Zhang, Peiqun; Zhao, Guanguo; Zhou, Lin; Ziemke, Jerry R.; Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth; Gilbert, Kristin; Maycock, Tom; Osborne, Susan; Sprain, Mara; Veasey, Sara W.; Ambrose, Barbara J.; Griffin, Jessicca; Misch, Deborah J.; Riddle, Deborah B.; Young, Teresa; Romanovsky, Vladimir E. (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, 2017-09-06) [Report]In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 ± 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 ± 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Niña evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Niño conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44°C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0°C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8°C, representing a 3.5°C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute ∼7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01°C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st centuryto-date of +0.162°C decade-1 is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100°C decade-1. Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Niño at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Niña contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
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Lasing from ZnO nanorods on ITO-coated substratesWan Ahmad Kamil, Wan Maryam; Shakfa, Mohammad Khaled; Nordin, Muhammad Nuri; Priante,Davide (Semiconductor Lasers and Laser Dynamics VIII, SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng, 2018-05-09) [Conference Paper]Lasing was observed from ZnO nanorods prepared by a simple method of chemical bath deposition (CBD) on ITOcoated glass substrates. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed a dominant peak for (002) plane typical for good crystalline quality of ZnO grown in the z-direction with a wurtzite structure. Continuous-wave photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed a peak centered at 380 nm corresponding to the band gap of ZnO. Under pulsed optical pumping, lasing was observed above the nominal PL peak, initially for one mode at 384 nm. Two additional modes at 386 nm and 390 nm was observed when the pumping power is further increased. Threshold was achieved at 0.7 μJ which was 10 times smaller than that reported for powder-based random lasers. In addition, gain pinning was also observed for the dominant mode and the additional two modes appeared upon onset of this gain pining behavior.