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    Gelatinous zooplankton-mediated carbon flows in the global oceans: A data-driven modeling study

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    2020GB006704.pdf
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    Description:
    Accepted Article
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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Luo, Jessica Y. cc
    Condon, Robert H.
    Stock, Charles A. cc
    Duarte, Carlos M. cc
    Lucas, Cathy H.
    Pitt, Kylie A.
    Cowen, Robert K.
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Marine Science Program
    Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
    Date
    2020-09-18
    Online Publication Date
    2020-09-18
    Print Publication Date
    2020-09
    Embargo End Date
    2021-02-27
    Submitted Date
    2020-06-13
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664936
    
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    Abstract
    Among marine organisms, gelatinous zooplankton (GZ; cnidarians, ctenophores, and pelagic tunicates) are unique in their energetic efficiency, as the gelatinous body plan allows them to process and assimilate high proportions of oceanic carbon. Upon death, their body shape facilitates rapid sinking through the water column, resulting in carcass depositions on the seafloor (“jelly-falls”). GZ are thought to be important components of the biological pump, but their overall contribution to global carbon fluxes remains unknown. Using a data-driven, 3-dimensional, carbon-cycle model resolved to a 1° global grid, with a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, we estimate that GZ consumed 7.9-13 Pg C y-1 in phytoplankton and zooplankton, resulting in a net production of 3.9-5.8 Pg C y-1 in the upper ocean (top 200 m), with the largest fluxes from pelagic tunicates. Non-predation mortality (carcasses) comprised 25% of GZ-production, and combined with the much greater fecal matter flux, total GZ particulate organic carbon (POC) export at 100 m was 1.6-5.2 Pg C y-1, equivalent to 32-40% of the global POC export. The fast sinking GZ export resulted in a high transfer efficiency (Teff) of 38-62% to 1000 m, and 25-40% to the seafloor. Finally, jelly-falls at depths > 50 m are likely unaccounted for in current POC flux estimates and could increase benthic POC flux by 8-35%. The significant magnitude of and distinct sinking properties of GZ fluxes support a critical yet under-recognized role of GZ carcasses and fecal matter to the biological pump and air-sea carbon balance.
    Citation
    Luo, J. Y., Condon, R. H., Stock, C. A., Duarte, C. M., Lucas, C. H., Pitt, K. A., & Cowen, R. K. (2020). Gelatinous zooplankton-mediated carbon flows in the global oceans: A data-driven modeling study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. doi:10.1029/2020gb006704
    Sponsors
    Many thanks to Su Sponaugle, Kelly Robinson, Jim Ruzicka, Martin Lilley, and Matt Long for helpful discussions. We also thank John Dunne and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved previous versions of this manuscript. JYL acknowledges support from NSF (OCE Grant 1419987 to RKC and S. Sponaugle), and the NOAA Marine Ecosystem Tipping Points initiative. We also acknowledge support from Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) for hosting the JeDI dataset.
    Publisher
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Journal
    Global Biogeochemical Cycles
    DOI
    10.1029/2020gb006704
    Additional Links
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020GB006704
    Relations
    Is Supplemented By:
    • [Dataset]
      Luo, J. Y., Condon, R. H., Stock, C. A., Duarte, C. M., Lucas, C. H., Pitt, K. A., & Cowen, R. K. (2020). Dataset for Gelatinous zooplankton-mediated carbon flows in the global oceans: A data-driven modeling study (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3891703. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3891703 Handle: 10754/665139
    • [Software]
      Title: jessluo/gz_biogeochem_pub: Offline model to assess role of gelatinous zooplankton in global carbon cycle. Publication Date: 2020-08-21. github: jessluo/gz_biogeochem_pub Handle: 10754/667961
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1029/2020gb006704
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC); Marine Science Program

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