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    Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility.

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    Name:
    Howells_et_al-2020-Molecular_Ecology.pdf
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    Description:
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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Howells, Emily J
    Bauman, Andrew G
    Vaughan, Grace O
    Hume, Benjamin C C
    Voolstra, Christian R. cc
    Burt, John A
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Marine Science Program
    Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
    Reef Genomics Lab
    Date
    2020-02-17
    Online Publication Date
    2020-02-17
    Print Publication Date
    2020-03
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/661477
    
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    Abstract
    Reef-building corals are at risk of extinction from ocean warming. While some corals can enhance their thermal limits by associating with dinoflagellate photosymbionts of superior stress tolerance, the extent to which symbiont communities will reorganise under increased warming pressure remains unclear. Here we show that corals in the hottest reefs in the world in the Persian Gulf maintain associations with the same symbionts across 1.5-years despite extreme seasonal warming and acute heat stress (≥ 35°C). Persian Gulf corals predominantly associated with Cladocopium (clade C) and most also hosted Symbiodinium (clade A) and/or Durusdinium (clade D). This is in contrast to the neighbouring and milder Oman Sea, where corals associated with Durusdinium and only a minority hosted background levels of Cladocopium. During acute heat stress, the higher prevalence of Symbiodinium and Durusdinium in bleached versus non-bleached Persian Gulf corals indicates that genotypes of these background genera did not confer bleaching resistance. Within symbiont genera, the majority of ITS2 rDNA type profiles were unique to their respective coral species, confirming the existence of host-specific symbiont lineages. Notably, further differentiation among Persian Gulf sites demonstrates that symbiont populations are either isolated or specialised over 10s-100s of km. Thermal tolerance across coral species was associated with the prevalence of a single ITS2 intragenomic sequence variant (C3gulf), definitive of the C. thermophilum group. The abundance of C3gulf was highest in bleaching resistant corals and at warmer sites, potentially indicating a specific symbiont genotype (or set of genotypes) that may play a role in thermal tolerance that warrants further investigation. Together, our findings indicate that co-evolution of host-Symbiodiniaceae partnerships favours fidelity rather than flexibility in extreme environments and under future warming.
    Citation
    Howells, E. J., Bauman, A. G., Vaughan, G. O., Hume, B. C. C., Voolstra, C. R., & Burt, J. A. (2020). Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility. Molecular Ecology. doi:10.1111/mec.15372
    Sponsors
    The Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Fujairah Municipality, and Dibba Municipality in the UAE provided coral sampling permissions. Fieldwork was undertaken with the New York University Abu Dhabi Core Research Vessel with additional support from The Palms Dive Center and Al Mahara Dive Center. Sequencing was undertaken at the KAUST BioScience Core Lab. Craig Michell prepared sequencing libraries and Dain McParland and Yasmin Mustafa assisted with DNA extractions. The work was funded by New York University Abu Dhabi (JAB) and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (CRV). The authors declare that there are no competing financial interests in the design and interpretation of this study.
    Publisher
    Wiley
    Journal
    Molecular ecology
    DOI
    10.1111/mec.15372
    Additional Links
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mec.15372
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1111/mec.15372
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC); Marine Science Program

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