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    Ambient blade coating of mixed cation, mixed halide perovskites without dripping

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Tang, Ming-Chun cc
    Fan, Yuanyuan
    Barrit, Dounya cc
    Chang, Xiaoming
    Dang, Hoang X.
    Li, Ruipeng
    Wang, Kai
    Smilgies, Detlef-M. cc
    Liu, Shengzhong Frank
    De Wolf, Stefaan cc
    Anthopoulos, Thomas D. cc
    Zhao, Kui
    Amassian, Aram cc
    KAUST Department
    Academic Affairs
    KAUST Solar Center (KSC)
    Material Science and Engineering
    Material Science and Engineering Program
    Office of the VP
    Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics Group
    Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division
    Date
    2020
    Embargo End Date
    2020-12-04
    Submitted Date
    2019-11-24
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/661473
    
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    Abstract
    Perovskite photovoltaics have made extraordinary strides in efficiency and stability thanks to process and formulation developments like anti-solvent dripping and mixed-cation mixed-halide compositions. Solar cell fabrication through low-cost scalable methods, such as blade coating, cannot accommodate anti-solvent dripping and needs to be performed in an ambient atmosphere. Consequently, their efficiency has lagged behind that of spin-cast devices, fabricated in an inert atmosphere and with carefully timed anti-solvent dripping to control nucleation and growth. In this study, we demonstrate formamidinium (FA)-dominated mixed-halide mixed-cation perovskite solar cells fabricated by blade coating in ambient air (T = 23 °C and RH ≈ 50%) without the benefits of anti-solvent dripping or a moisture-free environment. We investigated the solidification process during blade coating of single-cation (FAPbI3) and increasingly complex mixed-cation mixed-halide (FA0.8MA0.15Cs0.05PbI2.55Br0.45, MA is methylammonium) perovskites in situ using time-resolved grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). We found that the perovskite precursor composition and the blade coating temperature profoundly influence the crystallization mechanism and whether halide segregation occurs or not. The inclusion of Br- suppresses the non-perovskite 2H phase, promoting instead PbI2 together with the intermediate 6H phase and 3C phase of FAPbI2.55Br0.45. Addition of Cs+ suppresses these intermediates and promotes the direct crystallization of the perovskite 3C phase FA0.8MA0.15Cs0.05PbI2.55Br0.45 when coating at elevated temperature, unlike when anti-solvent dripping is used at room temperature. Through control of ink formulation and coating conditions, we demonstrate blade coated perovskite solar cells with a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.20% as compared with FAPbI3 perovskites, which yield a PCE of 12.35% under similar conditions without the benefit of anti-solvent dripping. This study provides valuable insight into the crystallization pathway of mixed-cation mixed-halide formulations without anti-solvent dripping under higherature processing conditions that enable the translation of perovskites toward upscalable ambient manufacturing under high throughput conditions.
    Citation
    Tang, M.-C., Fan, Y., Barrit, D., Chang, X., Dang, H. X., Li, R., … Amassian, A. (2020). Ambient blade coating of mixed cation, mixed halide perovskites without dripping: in situ investigation and highly efficient solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8(3), 1095–1104. doi:10.1039/c9ta12890e
    Sponsors
    This work was supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), the North Carolina StateUniversity (NCSU), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0204800 and 2016YFA0202403), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61604092,61674098), the National University Research Fund (Grant No.GK261001009, GK201603055), the 111 Project (B14041), and the National 1000 Talents Plan Program (1110010341). GIWAXS measurements were performed at the D-line at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) at Cornell University. CHESS is supported by the NSF via NSF Award DMR-1332208.
    Publisher
    Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
    Journal
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A
    DOI
    10.1039/c9ta12890e
    Additional Links
    http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9TA12890E
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1039/c9ta12890e
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division; Material Science and Engineering Program; KAUST Solar Center (KSC)

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