Undersea Constellations: The Global Biology of an Endangered Marine Megavertebrate Further Informed through Citizen Science
Type
ArticleAuthors
Norman, Bradley M.Holmberg, Jason A.
Arzoumanian, Zaven
Reynolds, Samantha D.
Wilson, Rory P.
Rob, Dani
Pierce, Simon J.
Gleiss, Adrian C.
de la Parra, Rafael
Galvan, Beatriz
Ramirez-Macias, Deni
Robinson, David
Fox, Steve
Graham, Rachel
Rowat, David
Potenski, Matthew
Levine, Marie
Mckinney, Jennifer A.
Hoffmayer, Eric
Dove, Alistair D. M.
Hueter, Robert
Ponzo, Alessandro
Araujo, Gonzalo
Aca, Elson
David, David
Rees, Richard
Duncan, Alan
Rohner, Christoph A.
Prebble, Clare E. M.
Hearn, Alex
Acuna, David
Berumen, Michael L.

Vázquez, Abraham
Green, Jonathan
Bach, Steffen S.
Schmidt, Jennifer V.
Beatty, Stephen J.
Morgan, David L.
KAUST Department
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) DivisionMarine Science Program
Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
Date
2017-11-29Online Publication Date
2017-11-29Print Publication Date
2017-12-01Permanent link to this record
http://hdl.handle.net/10754/630394
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
The whale shark is an ideal flagship species for citizen science projects because of its charismatic nature, its size, and the associated ecotourism ventures focusing on the species at numerous coastal aggregation sites. An online database of whale shark encounters, identifying individuals on the basis of their unique skin patterning, captured almost 30,000 whale shark encounter reports from 1992 to 2014, with more than 6000 individuals identified from 54 countries. During this time, the number of known whale shark aggregation sites (hotspots) increased from 13 to 20. Examination of photo-identification data at a global scale revealed a skewed sex-ratio bias toward males (overall, more than 66%) and high site fidelity among individuals, with limited movements of sharks between neighboring countries but no records confirming large, ocean basin-scale migrations. Citizen science has been vital in amassing large spatial and temporal data sets to elucidate key aspects of whale shark life history and demographics and will continue to provide substantial long-term value.Citation
Norman BM, Holmberg JA, Arzoumanian Z, Reynolds SD, Wilson RP, et al. (2017) Undersea Constellations: The Global Biology of an Endangered Marine Megavertebrate Further Informed through Citizen Science. BioScience 67: 1029–1043. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix127.Sponsors
This research has made use of data and software tools provided by Wildbook for Whale Sharks, an online mark–recapture database operated by the nonprofit scientific organization Wild Me, with support from public donations and the Qatar Whale Shark Research Project. Special thanks are extended to the Rolex Awards for Enterprise for its recognition and support of this project and all persons who over the years have submitted whale shark sighting data and identification images to ECOCEAN and Wildbook. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the support from the various volunteers who have assisted with the data collection and analysis used in this manuscript.Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)Journal
BioScienceAdditional Links
https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/67/12/1029/4641655ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1093/biosci/bix127
Scopus Count
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K.; Miri, Mohammad; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Maryam; Moazen, Babak; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamad, Osama; Mohamad, Osama; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh; Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Mondello, Stefania; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moore, Catrin E.; Moore, Catrin E.; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi, Masoud; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morawska, Lidia; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mustafa, Ghulam; Mustafa, Ghulam; Naderi, Mehdi; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Nangia, Vinay; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Naveed, Muhammad; Naveed, Muhammad; Nazari, Javad; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Nena, Evangelia; Nena, Evangelia; Nepal, Samata; Nepal, Samata; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Chi Thi Yen Nguyen; Chi Thi Yen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nigussie, Samuel Negash; Nigussie, Samuel Negash; Nixon, Molly R.; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Nomura, Shuhei; Noor, Nurulamin M.; Noor, Nurulamin M.; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Oancea, Bogdan; Oancea, Bogdan; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Ortiz, Alberto; Ortiz, Alberto; Otoiu, Adrian; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Mahesh, P. A.; Mahesh, P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhale, Smita; Pakshir, Keyvan; Pakshir, Keyvan; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Palladino, Raffaele; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pandey, Anamika; Pandey, Ashok; Pandey, Ashok; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Pardo-Montano, Ana Melisa; Pardo-Montano, Ana Melisa; Park, Eun-Kee; Park, Eun-Kee; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Patton, George C.; Patton, George C.; Pawar, Shrikant; Pawar, Shrikant; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Peden, Amy E.; Peden, Amy E.; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Jeevan; Pereira, Jeevan; Perez-Gomez, Jorge; Perez-Gomez, Jorge; Perico, Norberto; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pinheiro, Marina; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Platts-Mills, James A.; Platts-Mills, James A.; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Postma, Maarten J.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourjafar, Hadi; Prada, Sergio, I; Prada, Sergio, I; Prakash, Sanjay; Prakash, Sanjay; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee, Navid; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Raggi, Alberto; Rahimzadeh, Shadi; Rahimzadeh, Shadi; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Juwel; Rana, Juwel; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rasella, Davide; Rastogi, Prateek; Rastogi, Prateek; Rathi, Priya; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawaf, Salman; Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz; Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Jr, Robert C. Reiner; Jr, Robert C. Reiner; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reshmi, Bhageerathy; Reshmi, Bhageerathy; Resnikoff, Serge; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Rezapour, Aziz; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Daniela; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rickard, Jennifer; Roever, Leonardo; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Ronfani, Luca; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Ryan, Paul MacDaragh; Ryan, Paul MacDaragh; Saddik, Basema; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Sagar, Rajesh; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salehi, Sana; Salehi, Sana; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo; Samy, Abdallah M.; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanabria, Juan; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sarveazad, Arash; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Sattin, Davide; Saxena, Sonia; Saxena, Sonia; Saya, Ganesh Kumar; Saya, Ganesh Kumar; Saylan, Mete; Saylan, Mete; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schwebel, David C.; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Schwendicke, Falk; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Servan-Mori, Edson; Sha, Feng; Sha, Feng; Shafaat, Omid; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shahid, Izza; Shahid, Izza; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakiba, Saeed; Shakiba, Saeed; Shalash, Ali S.; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhbahaei, Sara; Sheikhbahaei, Sara; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Shin, Jae Il; Shiri, Rahman; Shiri, Rahman; Shiue, Ivy; Shiue, Ivy; Shuval, Kerem; Shuval, Kerem; Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal; Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal; Sidemo, Negussie Boti; Sidemo, Negussie Boti; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silverberg, Jonathan I. 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L.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Wang, Haidong; Wang, Haidong; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (LANCET, Elsevier BV, 2021-08-17) [Article]Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival.
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Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019Paulson, Katherine R.; Kamath, Aruna M.; Alam, Tahiya; Bienhoff, Kelly; Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat; Abbas, Jaffar; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M.; Abdoli, Amir; Abedi, Aidin; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.; Abushouk, Abdelrahman, I; Adamu, Aishatu L.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afshari, Khashayar; Aghaali, Mohammad; Agudelo-Botero, Marcela; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Yonas; Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo; Aklilu, Addis; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Ali, Tilahun; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alif, Sheikh Mohammad; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alumran, Arwa Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aripov, Timur; Arnlov, Johan; Artanti, Kurnia Dwi; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asaad, Malke; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Athari, Seyyede Masoume; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atreya, Alok; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Ausloos, Marcel; Awan, Asma Tahir; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badiye, Ashish D.; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Banik, Palash Chandra; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Beghi, Massimiliano; Bell, Michelle L.; Bendak, Salaheddine; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bikbov, Boris; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Breusov, Alexey, V; Brunoni, Andre R.; Burkart, Katrin; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Camargos, Paulo; Camera, Luis Alberto; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Cerin, Ester; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Chen, Simiao; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Conde, Joao; Costa, Vera Marisa; Couto, Rosa A. S.; Dachew, Berihun Assefa; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Hancheng; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Darmstadt, Gary L.; Das, Jai K.; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davletov, Kairat; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; Deeba, Farah; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desalew, Assefa; Deuba, Keshab; Dey, Sagnik; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhingra, Sameer; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshmangir, Leila; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Efendi, Ferry; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, I; Emami, Amir; Enany, Shymaa; Eyawo, Oghenowede; Ezzikouri, Sayeh; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fauk, Nelsensius Klau; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Ferede, Tomas Y.; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Pietro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Friedman, Sara D.; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gaidhane, Shilpa; Gaihre, Santosh; Gallus, Silvano; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Garcia-Gordillo, Ma; Gardner, William M.; Fonseca, Mariana Gaspar; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Getacher, Lemma; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Tiffany K.; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena, V; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goel, Amit; Golechha, Mahaveer; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goudarzi, Houman; Grivna, Michal; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guido, Davide; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Das Gupta, Rajat; Gupta, Rajeev; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hargono, Arief; Hasaballah, Ahmed, I; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasan, Syed Shahzad; Hassan, Amr; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Huang, Junjie; Humayun, Ayesha; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inamdar, Sumant; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Iqbal, Khalid; Iqbal, Usman; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iso, Hiroyasu; Iwagami, Masao; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jagnoor, Jagnoor; Jain, Vardhmaan; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javanmardi, Fatemeh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Ji, John S.; John, Oommen; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kamyari, Naser; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Kassahun, Getinet; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Kemmer, Laura; Khalid, Nauman; Khalilov, Rovshan; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman; Khang, Young-Ho; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kopec, Jacek A.; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Nithin; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Ivan; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lauriola, Paolo; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Yo Han; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lewycka, Sonia; Li, Bingyu; Li, Shanshan; Liang, Juan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Limenih, Miteku Andualem; Lin, Ro-Ting; Liu, Xuefeng; Lodha, Rakesh; Lopez, Alan D.; Lozano, Rafael; Lugo, Alessandra; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Mackay, Mark T.; Kunjathur, Shilpashree Madhava; Magnani, Francesca Giulia; Prasad, D. R. Mahadeshwara; Maheri, Mina; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Majeed, Azeem; Maled, Venkatesh; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Martinez, Gabriel; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Maulik, Pallab K.; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mensah, George A.; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mersha, Abera M.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Miller, Ted R.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamad, Osama; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Moore, Catrin E.; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mustafa, Ghulam; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Naveed, Muhammad; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Nena, Evangelia; Nepal, Samata; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Chi Thi Yen Nguyen; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nigussie, Samuel Negash; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Noor, Nurulamin M.; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka; Oancea, Bogdan; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Ortiz, Alberto; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Mahesh, P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Pakshir, Keyvan; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pandey, Ashok; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R.; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Pardo-Montano, Ana Melisa; Park, Eun-Kee; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Patton, George C.; Pawar, Shrikant; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Peden, Amy E.; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Jeevan; Perez-Gomez, Jorge; Perico, Norberto; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Platts-Mills, James A.; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Prada, Sergio, I; Prakash, Sanjay; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahimzadeh, Shadi; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Juwel; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rastogi, Prateek; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Jr, Robert C. Reiner; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Reshmi, Bhageerathy; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Ryan, Paul MacDaragh; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salehi, Sana; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salomon, Joshua A.; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarker, Abdur Razzaque; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Saxena, Sonia; Saya, Ganesh Kumar; Saylan, Mete; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Sha, Feng; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shahid, Izza; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakiba, Saeed; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhbahaei, Sara; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Shin, Jae Il; Shiri, Rahman; Shiue, Ivy; Shuval, Kerem; Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal; Sidemo, Negussie Boti; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Joao Pedro; Silverberg, Jonathan I. S.; Simonetti, Biagio; Singh, Balbir Bagicha; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singhal, Deepika; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Sleet, David A.; Sobaih, Badr Hasan; Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza; Soltani, Shahin; Soriano, Joan B.; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Stokes, Mark A.; Stortecky, Stefan; Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sulo, Gerhard; Swope, Carolyn B.; Sykes, Bryan L.; Szeto, Mindy D.; Szocska, Miklos; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tadesse, Eyayou Girma; Taherkhani, Amir; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Tareque, Md Ismail; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesfay, Fisaha Haile; Tessema, Gizachew Assefa; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thapar, Rekha; Tolani, Musliu Adetola; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Bach Xuan Tran; Tripathy, Jaya Prasad; Tsapparellas, Giorgos; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Uddin, Riaz; Ullah, Anayat; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Unim, Brigid; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Usman, Muhammad Shariq; Vacante, Marco; Vaezi, Maryam; Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan; Valdez, Pascual R.; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Verma, Madhur; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vo, Bay; Giang Thu Vu; Wado, Yohannes Dibaba; Waheed, Yasir; Wamai, Richard G.; Wang, Yanping; Wang, Yanzhong; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Ward, Paul; Werdecker, Andrea; Westerman, Ronny; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana; Wilner, Lauren B.; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wu, Ai-Min; Wu, Chenkai; Xie, Yang; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yandrapalli, Srikanth; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh; Yu, Chuanhua; Yusuf, Sifat Shahana; Zaidi, Syed Saoud; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zamanian, Maryam; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zastrozhina, Anasthasia; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Ziapour, Arash; Hay, Simon, I; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Wang, Haidong; Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (LANCET, Elsevier BV, 2021-08-17) [Article]Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival.
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Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019Paulson, Katherine R.; Kamath, Aruna M.; Alam, Tahiya; Bienhoff, Kelly; Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat; Abbas, Jaffar; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M.; Abdoli, Amir; Abedi, Aidin; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.; Abushouk, Abdelrahman, I; Adamu, Aishatu L.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo; Adsuar, Jose C.; Afshari, Khashayar; Aghaali, Mohammad; Agudelo-Botero, Marcela; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Yonas; Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo; Aklilu, Addis; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Al-Eyadhy, Ayman; Ali, Tilahun; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alif, Sheikh Mohammad; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alumran, Arwa Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aripov, Timur; Arnlov, Johan; Artanti, Kurnia Dwi; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asaad, Malke; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Athari, Seyyede Masoume; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atreya, Alok; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Ausloos, Marcel; Awan, Asma Tahir; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badiye, Ashish D.; Baig, Atif Amin; Banach, Maciej; Banik, Palash Chandra; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Beghi, Massimiliano; Bell, Michelle L.; Bendak, Salaheddine; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bikbov, Boris; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Breusov, Alexey, V; Brunoni, Andre R.; Burkart, Katrin; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Camargos, Paulo; Camera, Luis Alberto; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Cerin, Ester; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun; Charan, Jaykaran; Chatterjee, Souranshu; Chattu, Soosanna Kumary; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Chen, Simiao; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Conde, Joao; Costa, Vera Marisa; Couto, Rosa A. S.; Dachew, Berihun Assefa; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Hancheng; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Darmstadt, Gary L.; Das, Jai K.; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davletov, Kairat; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; Deeba, Farah; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desalew, Assefa; Deuba, Keshab; Dey, Sagnik; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhingra, Sameer; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshmangir, Leila; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Efendi, Ferry; Eftekharzadeh, Sahar; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa, I; Emami, Amir; Enany, Shymaa; Eyawo, Oghenowede; Ezzikouri, Sayeh; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fauk, Nelsensius Klau; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Ferede, Tomas Y.; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Pietro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Friedman, Sara D.; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gaidhane, Shilpa; Gaihre, Santosh; Gallus, Silvano; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Garcia-Gordillo, Ma; Gardner, William M.; Fonseca, Mariana Gaspar; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Getacher, Lemma; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Tiffany K.; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena, V; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goel, Amit; Golechha, Mahaveer; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goudarzi, Houman; Grivna, Michal; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guido, Davide; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Das Gupta, Rajat; Gupta, Rajeev; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Haider, Mohammad Rifat; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Hargono, Arief; Hasaballah, Ahmed, I; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasan, Syed Shahzad; Hassan, Amr; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Huang, Junjie; Humayun, Ayesha; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inamdar, Sumant; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Iqbal, Khalid; Iqbal, Usman; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iso, Hiroyasu; Iwagami, Masao; Iwu, Chidozie C. 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L.; Wang, Haidong; Kassebaum, Nicholas J. (LANCET, Elsevier BV, 2021-08-17) [Article]Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival.