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    Undersea Constellations: The Global Biology of an Endangered Marine Megavertebrate Further Informed through Citizen Science

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Norman, Bradley M.
    Holmberg, Jason A.
    Arzoumanian, Zaven
    Reynolds, Samantha D.
    Wilson, Rory P.
    Rob, Dani
    Pierce, Simon J.
    Gleiss, Adrian C.
    de la Parra, Rafael
    Galvan, Beatriz
    Ramirez-Macias, Deni
    Robinson, David
    Fox, Steve
    Graham, Rachel
    Rowat, David
    Potenski, Matthew
    Levine, Marie
    Mckinney, Jennifer A.
    Hoffmayer, Eric
    Dove, Alistair D. M.
    Hueter, Robert
    Ponzo, Alessandro
    Araujo, Gonzalo
    Aca, Elson
    David, David
    Rees, Richard
    Duncan, Alan
    Rohner, Christoph A.
    Prebble, Clare E. M.
    Hearn, Alex
    Acuna, David
    Berumen, Michael L. cc
    Vázquez, Abraham
    Green, Jonathan
    Bach, Steffen S.
    Schmidt, Jennifer V.
    Beatty, Stephen J.
    Morgan, David L.
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Marine Science Program
    Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
    Date
    2017-11-29
    Online Publication Date
    2017-11-29
    Print Publication Date
    2017-12-01
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/630394
    
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    Abstract
    The whale shark is an ideal flagship species for citizen science projects because of its charismatic nature, its size, and the associated ecotourism ventures focusing on the species at numerous coastal aggregation sites. An online database of whale shark encounters, identifying individuals on the basis of their unique skin patterning, captured almost 30,000 whale shark encounter reports from 1992 to 2014, with more than 6000 individuals identified from 54 countries. During this time, the number of known whale shark aggregation sites (hotspots) increased from 13 to 20. Examination of photo-identification data at a global scale revealed a skewed sex-ratio bias toward males (overall, more than 66%) and high site fidelity among individuals, with limited movements of sharks between neighboring countries but no records confirming large, ocean basin-scale migrations. Citizen science has been vital in amassing large spatial and temporal data sets to elucidate key aspects of whale shark life history and demographics and will continue to provide substantial long-term value.
    Citation
    Norman BM, Holmberg JA, Arzoumanian Z, Reynolds SD, Wilson RP, et al. (2017) Undersea Constellations: The Global Biology of an Endangered Marine Megavertebrate Further Informed through Citizen Science. BioScience 67: 1029–1043. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix127.
    Sponsors
    This research has made use of data and software tools provided by Wildbook for Whale Sharks, an online mark–recapture database operated by the nonprofit scientific organization Wild Me, with support from public donations and the Qatar Whale Shark Research Project. Special thanks are extended to the Rolex Awards for Enterprise for its recognition and support of this project and all persons who over the years have submitted whale shark sighting data and identification images to ECOCEAN and Wildbook. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the support from the various volunteers who have assisted with the data collection and analysis used in this manuscript.
    Publisher
    Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Journal
    BioScience
    DOI
    10.1093/biosci/bix127
    Additional Links
    https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/67/12/1029/4641655
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1093/biosci/bix127
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC); Marine Science Program

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      Effective ocean management and conservation of highly migratory species depends on resolving overlap between animal movements and distributions and fishing effort. Yet, this information is lacking at a global scale. Here we show, using a big-data approach combining satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and global fishing fleets, that 24% of the mean monthly space used by sharks falls under the footprint of pelagic longline fisheries. Space use hotspots of commercially valuable sharks and of internationally protected species had the highest overlap with longlines (up to 76% and 64%, respectively) and were also associated with significant increases in fishing effort. We conclude that pelagic sharks have limited spatial refuge from current levels of high-seas fishing effort. Results demonstrate an urgent need for conservation and management measures at high-seas shark hotspots and highlight the potential of simultaneous satellite surveillance of megafauna and fishers as a tool for near-real time, dynamic management.
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