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    Remarkable structural resistance of a nanoflagellate-dominated plankton community to iron fertilization during the Southern Ocean experiment LOHAFEX

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Schulz, Isabelle Katharina
    Montresor, M
    Klaas, C
    Assmy, P
    Wolzenburg, S
    Gauns, M
    Sarkar, A
    Thiele, S
    Wolf-Gladrow, D
    Naqvi, W
    Smetacek, V
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
    Date
    2018-07-05
    Online Publication Date
    2018-07-05
    Print Publication Date
    2018-08-09
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/628463
    
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    Abstract
    The genesis of phytoplankton blooms and the fate of their biomass in iron-limited, high-nutrient-low-chlorophyll regions can be studied under natural conditions with ocean iron fertilization (OIF) experiments. The Indo-German OIF experiment LOHAFEX was carried out over 40 d in late summer 2009 within the cold core of a mesoscale eddy in the productive south-west Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Silicate concentrations were very low, and phytoplankton biomass was dominated by autotrophic nanoflagellates (ANF) in the size range 3-10 µm. As in all previous OIF experiments, the phytoplankton responded to iron fertilization by increasing the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and cellular chlorophyll levels. Within 3 wk, chlorophyll levels tripled and ANF biomass doubled. With the exception of some diatoms and dinoflagellates, the biomass levels of all other groups of the phyto- and protozooplankton (heterotrophic nanoflagellates, dinoflagellates and ciliates) remained remarkably stable throughout the experiment both inside and outside the fertilized patch. We attribute the unusually high biomass attained and maintained by ANF to the absence of their grazers, the salps, and to constraints on protozooplankton grazers by heavy predation exerted by the large copepod stock. The resistance to change of the ecosystem structure over 38 d after fertilization, indicated by homogeneity at regional and temporal scales, suggests that it was locked into a stable, mature state that had evolved in the course of the seasonal cycle. The LOHAFEX bloom provides a case study of a resistant/robust dynamic equilibrium between auto- and heterotrophic ecosystem components resulting in low vertical flux both inside and outside the patch despite high biomass levels.
    Citation
    Schulz I, Montresor M, Klaas C, Assmy P, Wolzenburg S, et al. (2018) Remarkable structural resistance of a nanoflagellate-dominated plankton community to iron fertilization during the Southern Ocean experiment LOHAFEX. Marine Ecology Progress Series 601: 77–95. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12685.
    Sponsors
    We are indebted to the captain and crew of RV ‘Polarstern’ and the scientific team of LOHAFEX. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India and the Helmholtz Foundation, Germany, equally shared the costs of the experiment. This work was funded through the DFG Research Center / Cluster of Excellence ‘The Ocean in the Earth System’. I.S. was supported by GLOMAR Bremen International Graduate School for Marine Sciences. We thank Diana Sarno and Adriana Zingone (Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy) for SEM preparations and support in taxonomical identification.
    Publisher
    Inter-Research Science Center
    Journal
    Marine Ecology Progress Series
    DOI
    10.3354/meps12685
    Additional Links
    https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v601/p77-95/
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.3354/meps12685
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)

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