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    Characterization of the bacterial community in shower water before and after chlorination

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Peters, Marjolein C. F. M.
    Keuten, Maarten G. A.
    Knezev, Aleksandra
    van Loosdrecht, Mark C.M. cc
    Vrouwenvelder, Johannes S. cc
    Rietveld, Luuk C.
    de Kreuk, Merle K.
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Environmental Science and Engineering Program
    Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)
    Date
    2017-12-21
    Online Publication Date
    2017-12-21
    Print Publication Date
    2018-04
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/626782
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    Bathers release bacteria in swimming pool water, but little is known about the fate of these bacteria and potential risks they might cause. Therefore, shower water was characterized and subjected to chlorination to identify the more chlorine-resistant bacteria that might survive in a chlorinated swimming pool and therefore could form a potential health risk. The total community before and after chlorination (1 mg Cl2 L−1 for 30 s) was characterized. More than 99% of the bacteria in the shower water were Gram-negative. The dominant bacterial families with a relative abundance of ≥10% of the total (non-chlorinated and chlorinated) communities were Flavobacteriaceae (24–21%), Xanthomonadaceae (23–24%), Moraxellaceae (12–11%) and Pseudomonadaceae (10–22%). The relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae increased after chlorination and increased even more with longer contact times at 1 mg Cl2L−1. Therefore, Pseudomonadaceae were suggested to be relatively more chlorine resistant than the other identified bacteria. To determine which bacteria could survive chlorination causing a potential health risk, the relative abundance of the intact cell community was characterized before and after chlorination. The dominant bacterial families in the intact community (non-chlorinated and chlorinated) were Xanthomonadaceae (21–17%) and Moraxellaceae (48–57%). Moraxellaceae were therefore more chlorine resistant than the other identified intact bacteria present.
    Citation
    Peters MCFM, Keuten MGA, Knezev A, van Loosdrecht MCM, Vrouwenvelder JS, et al. (2017) Characterization of the bacterial community in shower water before and after chlorination. Journal of Water and Health: wh2017189. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.189.
    Sponsors
    This study is part of the DIPool project in which the project partners are Delft University of Technology, Hellebrekers Technieken, Akzo Nobel Industrial Chemicals B.V., Van Remmen UV Techniek, Coram International B.V. and Sportfondsen Nederland B.V. In addition, the project was funded by communal subsidies from EFRO – Europees Fonds voor Regionale Ontwikkeling and GO – Gelderland & Overijssel, Gebundelde Innovatiekracht. The authors would like to thank all of the shower participants and Mr. Jansen and Mr. Boers for the characterization of the samples. Thanks to Ms. Jones and Ms. Friedman for reviewing the language and spelling.
    Publisher
    IWA Publishing
    Journal
    Journal of Water and Health
    DOI
    10.2166/wh.2017.189
    PubMed ID
    29676759
    Additional Links
    http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/early/2017/12/21/wh.2017.189
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.2166/wh.2017.189
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division; Environmental Science and Engineering Program; Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)

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