Chlorination or monochloramination: Balancing the regulated trihalomethane formation and microbial inactivation in marine aquaculture waters
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Sanawar 2017 Aquaculture.pdf
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Type
ArticleKAUST Department
Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) DivisionCenter for Desert Agriculture
Environmental Microbial Safety and Biotechnology Lab
Environmental Science and Engineering Program
Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)
Date
2017-08-15Online Publication Date
2017-08-15Print Publication Date
2017-11Permanent link to this record
http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625738
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Disinfection methods like chlorination are increasingly used to sanitize the water, equipment, tools and surfaces in aquaculture facilities. This is to improve water quality, and to maintain a hygienic environment for the well-being of aquatic organisms. However, chlorination can result in formation of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that can be carcinogenic and toxic. This study aims to evaluate if an optimal balance can be achieved between minimal regulated DBP formation and effective microbial inactivation with either chlorination or monochloramination for application in the Red Sea aquaculture waters. Upon chlorination, the concentration of total trihalomethanes (THMs), primarily bromoform, exceeded the regulatory limit of 80μg/L even at the lowest tested concentration of chlorine (1mg/L) and contact time (1h). Comparatively, regulated THMs concentration was only detectable at 30μg/L level in one of the three sets of monochloraminated marine aquaculture waters. The average log reduction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) by chlorine ranged from 2.3-log to 3.2-log with different contact time. The average log reduction of ARB by monochloramine was comparatively lower at 1.9 to 2.9-log. Although viable Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from monochloraminated samples as opposed to chlorinated samples, the abundance of S. aureus was not high enough to result in any significant microbial risks. Both chlorination and monochloramination did not provide any significant improvement in the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study demonstrates that a systematic evaluation is needed to determine the optimal disinfectant required to balance both microbial and chemical risks. Compared to chlorine, monochloramine may be a more appropriate disinfection strategy for the treatment of aquaculture effluents prior to discharge or for recirculatory use in the aquaculture facility.Citation
Sanawar H, Xiong Y, Alam A, Croué J-P, Hong P-Y (2017) Chlorination or monochloramination: Balancing the regulated trihalomethane formation and microbial inactivation in marine aquaculture waters. Aquaculture 480: 94–102. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.08.014.Sponsors
The research reported in this publication was supported by CCF funding FCC/1/1971-15-01 from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) awarded to P.-Y Hong.Publisher
Elsevier BVJournal
AquacultureAdditional Links
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848617301072ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.08.014