Fuels and Combustion
Type
Book ChapterAuthors
Johansson, Bengt
KAUST Department
Clean Combustion Research CenterDate
2016-08-17Permanent link to this record
http://hdl.handle.net/10754/625548Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
This chapter discusses the combustion processes and the link to the fuel properties that are suitable for them. It describes the basic three concepts, including spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI), and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). The fuel used in a CI engine is vastly different from that in an SI engine. In an SI engine, the fuel should sustain high pressure and temperature without autoignition. Apart from the dominating SI and CI engines, it is also possible to operate with a type of combustion: autoignition. With HCCI, the fuel and air are fully premixed before combustion as in the SI engine, but combustion is started by the increased pressure and temperature during the compression stroke. Apart from the three combustion processes, there are also a few combined or intermediate concepts, such as Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI). Those concepts are discussed in terms of the requirements of fuel properties.Citation
Johansson B (2016) Fuels and Combustion. Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass: 1–27. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527685318.ch1.Publisher
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaAAdditional Links
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527685318.ch1/summaryScopus Count
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Ignition delay measurements of a low-octane gasoline blend, designed for gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines(Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Elsevier BV, 2018-06-21) [Article]A blend of low-octane (light and heavy naphtha) and high-octane (reformate) distillate fuels has been proposed for powering gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines. The formulated 'GCI blend' has a research octane number (RON) of 77 and a motor octane number (MON) of 73.9. In addition to ~64 mole% paraffinic components, the blend contains ~20 mole% aromatics and ~15 mole% naphthenes. Experimental and modeling studies have been conducted in this work to assess autoignition characteristics of the GCI blend. Ignition delay times were measured in a shock tube and a rapid comparison machine over wide ranges of experimental conditions (20 and 40 bar, 640-1175 K, ϕ = 0.5, 1 and 2). Reactivity of the GCI blend was compared with experimental measurements of two surrogates: a multi-component surrogate (MCS) and a two-component primary reference fuel (PRF 77). Both surrogates capture the reactivity of the fuel quite well at high and intermediate temperatures. The MCS does a better job of emulating the fuel reactivity at low temperatures, where PRF 77 is more reactive than the GCI blend. Ignition delay times of the two surrogates are also simulated using detailed chemical kinetic models, and the simulations agree well with the experimental findings. The results of rate-of-production analyses show important role of cycloalkane chemistry in the overall autoignition behavior of the fuel at low temperatures.
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Direct numerical simulations of ignition of a lean n-heptane/air mixture with temperature and composition inhomogeneities relevant to HCCI and SCCI combustion(Combustion and Flame, Elsevier BV, 2015-12) [Article]The effects of temperature and composition stratifications on the ignition of a lean n-heptane/air mixture at three initial mean temperatures under elevated pressure are investigated using direct numerical simulations (DNSs) with a 58-species reduced mechanism. Two-dimensional DNSs are performed by varying several key parameters: initial mean temperature, T0, and the variance of temperature and equivalence ratio (T' and φ') with different T-φcorrelations. It is found that for cases with φ' only, the overall combustion occurs more quickly and the mean heat release rate (HRR) increases more slowly with increasing φ' regardless of T0. For cases with T' only, however, the overall combustion is retarded/advanced in time with increasing T' for low/high T0 relative to the negative-temperature coefficient (NTC) regime resulting from a longer/shorter overall ignition delay of the mixture. For cases with uncorrelated T-φfields, the mean HRR is more distributed over time compared to the corresponding cases with T' or φ' only. For negatively-correlated cases, however, the temporal evolution of the overall combustion exhibits quite non-monotonic behavior with increasing T' and φ' depending on T0. All of these characteristics are found to be primarily related to the 0-D ignition delays of initial mixtures, the relative timescales between 0-D ignition delay and turbulence, and the dominance of the deflagration mode during the ignition. These results suggest that an appropriate combination of T' and φ' together with a well-prepared T-φdistribution can alleviate an excessive pressure-rise rate (PRR) and control ignition-timing in homogeneous charge compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion. In addition, critical species and reactions for the ignition of n-heptane/air mixture through the whole ignition process are estimated by comparing the temporal evolution of the mean mass fractions of important species with the overall reaction pathways of n-heptane oxidation mechanism. The chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) verifies the important species and reactions for the ignition at different locations and times by evaluating the explosive index (EI) of species and the participation index (PI) of reactions. © 2015 The Combustion Institute.
