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    Calcium impurity as a source of non-radiative recombination in (In,Ga)N layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Young, E. C.
    Grandjean, N. cc
    Mates, T. E.
    Speck, J. S.
    Date
    2016-11-23
    Online Publication Date
    2016-11-23
    Print Publication Date
    2016-11-21
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/623520
    
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    Abstract
    Ca as an unintentional impurity has been investigated in III-nitride layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It is found that Ca originates from the substrate surface, even if careful cleaning and rinsing procedures are applied. The initial Ca surface coverage is ∼1012 cm−2, which is consistent with previous reports on GaAs and silicon wafers. At the onset of growth, the Ca species segregates at the growth front while incorporating at low levels. The incorporation rate is strongly temperature dependent. It is about 0.03% at 820 °C and increases by two orders of magnitude when the temperature is reduced to 600 °C, which is the typical growth temperature for InGaN alloy. Consequently, [Ca] is as high as 1018 cm−3 in InGaN/GaN quantum well structures. Such a huge concentration might be detrimental for the efficiency of light emitting diodes (LEDs) if one considers that Ca is potentially a source of Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) defects. We thus developed a specific growth strategy to reduce [Ca] in the MBE grown LEDs, which consisted of burying Ca in a low temperature InGaN/GaN superlattice (SL) before the growth of the active region. Finally, two LED samples with and without an SL were fabricated. An increase in the output power by one order of magnitude was achieved when Ca was reduced in the LED active region, providing evidence for the role of Ca in the SRH recombination.
    Citation
    Young EC, Grandjean N, Mates TE, Speck JS (2016) Calcium impurity as a source of non-radiative recombination in (In,Ga)N layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Applied Physics Letters 109: 212103. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4968586.
    Sponsors
    This work was funded in part by the Solid State Lighting Program (SSLP), a collaboration between King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), and University of California, Santa Barbara. Additional support for N.G. and J.S. was provided by the DOE Solid State Lighting Program under Award No. DE-EE0007096.
    Publisher
    AIP Publishing
    Journal
    Applied Physics Letters
    DOI
    10.1063/1.4968586
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1063/1.4968586
    Scopus Count
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