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    Oxidation of Refractory Benzothiazoles with PMS/CuFe2O4: Kinetics and Transformation Intermediates

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    acs2Eest2E6b00701.pdf
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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Zhang, Tao
    Chen, Yin
    Leiknes, TorOve cc
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Environmental Science and Engineering Program
    Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)
    Date
    2016-05-13
    Online Publication Date
    2016-05-13
    Print Publication Date
    2016-06-07
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/608990
    
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    Abstract
    Benzothiazole (BTH) and its derivatives, 2-(methylthio)bezothiazole (MTBT), 2-benzothiazolsulfonate (BTSA) and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OHBT), are refractory pollutants ubiquitously existing in urban runoff at relatively high concentrations. Here, we report their oxidation by CuFe2O4-activated peroxomonosulfate (PMS/CuFe2O4), focusing on kinetics and transformation intermediates. These benzothiazoles can be efficiently degraded by this oxidation process which is confirmed to generate mainly sulfate radicals (with negligible hydroxyl-radical formation) under slightly acidic to neutral pH conditions. The molar exposure ratio of sulfate radical to residual PMS (i.e. Rct) of this process is a constant which is related to reaction condition and can be easily determined. Reaction rate constants of these benzothiazoles towards sulfate radical are (3.3 ± 0.3) × 109, (1.4 ± 0.3) × 109, (1.5 ± 0.1) × 109 and (4.7 ± 0.5) × 109 M-1s-1, respectively (pH 7 and 20 oC). Based on Rct and these rate constants, their degradation in the presence of organic matter can be well predicted. A number of transformation products were detected and tentatively identified using triple-quadruple/linear ion trap MS/MS and high-resolution MS. It appears that sulfate radicals attack BTH, MTBT and BTSA on their benzo ring via electron transfer, generating multiple hydroxylated intermediates which are reactive towards common oxidants. For OHBT oxidation, it prefers to break down the thiazole ring. Due to competitions of the transformation intermediates, a minimum PMS/pollutant molar ratio of 10-20 is required for effective degradation. The flexible PMS/CuFe2O4 could be a useful process to remove the benzothiazoles from low DOC waters like urban runoff or polluted groundwater.
    Citation
    Oxidation of Refractory Benzothiazoles with PMS/CuFe2O4: Kinetics and Transformation Intermediates 2016 Environmental Science & Technology
    Sponsors
    This research reported in this publication was supported by funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). We thank Prof. Jean-Philippe Croué (Curtin University, Australia) for the gift of HOPA and efOM. The assistance of Ms. Tong Zhan and Dr.Julien Le Roux (WDRC, KAUST) and Mr. Salim Sioud (Analytical Core 467 Lab, KAUST) in MS analysis is gratefully acknowledged. We also appreciate the anonymous reviewers for their revision suggestions which significantly improved the quality of this work.
    Publisher
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Journal
    Environmental Science & Technology
    DOI
    10.1021/acs.est.6b00701
    PubMed ID
    27144396
    Additional Links
    http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.6b00701
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1021/acs.est.6b00701
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division; Environmental Science and Engineering Program; Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)

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