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    Reaction kinetics of bond rotations in graphene

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Skowron, Stephen T.
    Koroteev, Victor O.
    Baldoni, Matteo
    Lopatin, Sergei cc
    Zurutuza, Amaia
    Chuvilin, Andrey cc
    Besley, Elena
    KAUST Department
    Electron Microscopy
    Date
    2016-04-12
    Online Publication Date
    2016-04-12
    Print Publication Date
    2016-08
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/605181
    
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    Abstract
    The formation and healing processes of the fundamental topological defect in graphitic materials, the Stone-Wales (SW) defect, are brought into a chemical context by considering the rotation of a carbon-carbon bond as chemical reaction. We investigate the rates and mechanisms of these SW transformations in graphene at the atomic scale using transmission electron microscopy. We develop a statistical atomic kinetics formalism, using direct observations obtained under different conditions to determine key kinetic parameters of the reactions. Based on the obtained statistics we quantify thermally and irradiation induced routes, identifying a thermal process of healing with an activation energy consistent with predicted adatom catalysed mechanisms. We discover exceptionally high rates for irradiation induced SW healing, incompatible with the previously assumed mechanism of direct knock-on damage and indicating the presence of an efficient nonadiabatic coupling healing mechanism involving beam induced electronic excitations of the SW defect.
    Citation
    Reaction kinetics of bond rotations in graphene 2016 Carbon
    Sponsors
    E.B. acknowledges the ERC Consolidator grant. A.C. acknowledges a financial support from FEI Company (Netherlands) within a collaborative project. M. B. and E. B. are grateful to the High Performance Computing (HPC) Facility at the University of Nottingham for providing computational time. A.C. and V.K. acknowledge financial support via FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IRSES N295180 MagNonMag project.
    Publisher
    Elsevier BV
    Journal
    Carbon
    DOI
    10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.020
    Additional Links
    http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008622316302810
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.020
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