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    The occurrence of emerging trace organic chemicals in wastewater effluents in Saudi Arabia

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Alidina, Mazahirali
    Hoppe-Jones, Christiane
    Yoon, Min
    Hamadeh, Ahmed F.
    Li, Dong
    Drewes, Jorg
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Environmental Science and Engineering Program
    Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC)
    Desert Agriculture Initiative
    Water Desalination & Reuse Research Cntr
    Date
    2014-04
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/575709
    
    Metadata
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    Abstract
    Emerging trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) released into the environment via discharge of wastewater effluents have been detected in rivers and lakes worldwide, raising concerns due to their potential persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. This study provides the first reconnaissance of TOrC occurrence in wastewater effluents within Saudi Arabia. Four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs 1-4) located in Western Saudi Arabia were sampled hourly over twelve-hour periods, for a total of six sampling events. All samples were analyzed for a wide range of TOrC encompassing pharmaceuticals, personal care products and household chemicals. Treatment and capacities of the plants varied from non-nitrifying to full biological nutrient removal providing a representative cross section of different types of plants operational within the country. A comparison of TOrC occurrence in effluents in Saudi Arabia with respective effluent qualities in the United States revealed similar levels for most TOrC. Overall, the occurrence of TOrC was higher at two of the plants. The higher TOrC concentrations at WWTP 1 are likely due to the non-nitrifying biological treatment process. The unique TOrC occurrence observed in the WWTP 3 effluent was unlike any other plant and was attributed to the influence of a large number of international visitors in its sewershed. The occurrence of TOrC in this plant was not expected to be representative of the occurrence elsewhere in the country. Bimodal diurnal variation expected for a range of TOrC was not observed, though some hourly variation in TOrC loading was noted for WWTP 3. Since water reclamation and reuse have received increasing interest in Saudi Arabia within the last few years, results from this study provide a good foundation in deciding whether advanced treatment is necessary to attenuate TOrC deemed to be of concern in effluents, or if natural treatment such as managed aquifer recharge provides sufficient protection to public health. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
    Publisher
    Elsevier BV
    Journal
    Science of The Total Environment
    DOI
    10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.093
    PubMed ID
    24531125
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.093
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division; Environmental Science and Engineering Program; Environmental Science and Engineering Program; Water Desalination and Reuse Research Center (WDRC); Desert Agriculture Initiative; Desert Agriculture Initiative

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