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    Genetic structure of populations of whale sharks among ocean basins and evidence for their historic rise and recent decline

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Vignaud, Thomas M.
    Maynard, Jeffrey Allen
    Leblois, Raphaël
    Meekan, Mark G.
    Vázquez-Juárez, Ricardo
    Ramírez-Macías, Dení
    Pierce, Simon J.
    Rowat, David
    Berumen, Michael L. cc
    Beeravolu, Champak R.
    Baksay, Sandra
    Planes, Serge
    KAUST Department
    Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Marine Science Program
    Reef Ecology Lab
    Date
    2014-05-14
    Online Publication Date
    2014-05-14
    Print Publication Date
    2014-05
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/563525
    
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Abstract
    This study presents genetic evidence that whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, are comprised of at least two populations that rarely mix and is the first to document a population expansion. Relatively high genetic structure is found when comparing sharks from the Gulf of Mexico with sharks from the Indo-Pacific. If mixing occurs between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, it is not sufficient to counter genetic drift. This suggests whale sharks are not all part of a single global metapopulation. The significant population expansion we found was indicated by both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA. The expansion may have happened during the Holocene, when tropical species could expand their range due to sea-level rise, eliminating dispersal barriers and increasing plankton productivity. However, the historic trend of population increase may have reversed recently. Declines in genetic diversity are found for 6 consecutive years at Ningaloo Reef in Australia. The declines in genetic diversity being seen now in Australia may be due to commercial-scale harvesting of whale sharks and collision with boats in past decades in other countries in the Indo-Pacific. The study findings have implications for models of population connectivity for whale sharks and advocate for continued focus on effective protection of the world's largest fish at multiple spatial scales. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    Citation
    Vignaud, T. M., Maynard, J. A., Leblois, R., Meekan, M. G., Vázquez-Juárez, R., Ramírez-Macías, D., … Planes, S. (2014). Genetic structure of populations of whale sharks among ocean basins and evidence for their historic rise and recent decline. Molecular Ecology, 23(10), 2590–2601. doi:10.1111/mec.12754
    Sponsors
    All of the following provided funding for the research presented here (no particular order after the first organization): Labex CORAIL, Ministere de l'Ecologie du Developpement Durable et de l'Energie, Ministere de l'Outre Mer, Fonds Pacifique, IFRECOR, Delegation a la recherche de Polynesie, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Institut National de Recherche en Agronomie, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Apache Energy Ltd, SeaWorld Research, Rescue Foundation Inc, Save our Seas Foundation, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife, EMARNAT-CONACYT, Save Our Seas Foundation, Whale Shark Mexico, Shark Foundation, Rufford Small Grant Foundation and the PADI Foundation. Part of the MIGRAINE work was undertaken using the resources of the INRA MIGALE and GENOTOUL bioinformatics platform and the computing grids of ISEM and CBGP labs. In total, the sampling across all aggregation sites required hundreds of colleagues, students and volunteers. We thank everyone that assisted with sampling.
    Publisher
    Wiley
    Journal
    Molecular Ecology
    DOI
    10.1111/mec.12754
    PubMed ID
    24750370
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1111/mec.12754
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division; Red Sea Research Center (RSRC); Marine Science Program

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