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    The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

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    Type
    Article
    Authors
    Rasmussen, Morten Arendt Rendt
    Anzick, Sarah L.
    Waters, Michael R.
    Skoglund, Pontus
    Degiorgio, Michael
    Stafford, Thomas W Jr
    Rasmussen, Simon B.
    Moltke, Ida
    Albrechtsen, Anders
    Doyle, Shane M.
    Poznik, G. David
    Gudmundsdottir, Valborg
    Yadav, Rachita
    Malaspinas, Anna Sapfo
    Samuel Stockton White, V.
    Allentoft, Morten Erik
    Cornejo, Omar Eduardo
    Tambets, Kristiina
    Eriksson, Anders cc
    Heintzman, Peter D.
    Karmin, Monika
    Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand
    Meltzer, David J.
    Pierre, Tracey L.
    Stenderup, Jesper T.
    Saag, Lauri
    Warmuth, Vera M.
    Lopes, Margarida C.
    Malhi, Ripan Singh
    Brunak, Sören
    Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas
    Barnes, Ian
    Collins, Matthew J.
    Orlando, Ludovic A A
    Balloux, François
    Manica, Andrea
    Gupta, Ramneek
    Metspalu, Mait
    Bustamante, Carlos D.
    Jakobsson, Mattias
    Nielsen, Rasmus Wedel
    Willerslev, Eske
    KAUST Department
    Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division
    Bioscience Program
    Integrative Systems Biology Lab
    Date
    2014-02-11
    Online Publication Date
    2014-02-13
    Print Publication Date
    2014-02
    Embargo End Date
    2014-08-11
    Permanent link to this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/10754/563390
    
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    Abstract
    Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 14 C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 14 C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
    Citation
    Rasmussen, M., Anzick, S. L., Waters, M. R., Skoglund, P., DeGiorgio, M., Stafford, T. W., … Willerslev, E. (2014). The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature, 506(7487), 225–229. doi:10.1038/nature13025
    Sponsors
    We thank the Danish National High-throughput DNA Sequencing Centre for help with sequencing, B. Henn and J. Kidd for assistance with Human Genome Diversity Project data, J. Keene for help with illustrations, M. Li, P. L. F. Johnson and M. Stoneking for help with the mtDNA analysis, L. A. Lahren for input to the site description and for establishing contact with the Native American groups, and J. E. Morrow, S. Fiedel and E. Lorenzen for comments on the manuscript. GeoGenetics were supported by the Lundbeck Foundation and the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF94). M. D. was supported by the US National Science Foundation (grant DBI-1103639). A.-S.M. was supported by the Swiss National Science foundation. G. D. P. was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) graduate research fellowship DGE-1147470. M. M., M. K., K. T. and L. S. were supported by the European Regional Development Fund through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics to Estonian Biocentre and University of Tartu, Estonian Basic Research (grant SF0270177As08) and Estonian Science Foundation (grant 8973). Computations in Uppsala were performed on resources provided by SNIC-UPPMAX (project b2012063) and in Tartu using the High Performance Computing Centre of the University of Tartu. A. E., V. M. W., M. C. L., F. B. and A. M. were supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant P25032 and BB/H005854/1). We thank the North Star Archaeological Research Program, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, E. Hill, and Stafford Research, Inc. for funding some of the project.
    Publisher
    Springer Nature
    Journal
    Nature
    DOI
    10.1038/nature13025
    PubMed ID
    24522598
    Additional Links
    http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4878442?pdf=render
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1038/nature13025
    Scopus Count
    Collections
    Articles; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division; Bioscience Program

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