Methylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis

Abstract
Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and glycolysis rate is not homogenous, with a marked propensity for glycolytic glucose processing in astrocytes compared to neurons. Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is inevitably formed as a by-product of glycolysis. Methylglyoxal is a major cell-permeant precursor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are associated with several pathologies including diabetes, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In normal situations, cells are protected against methylglyoxal toxicity by different mechanisms and in particular the glyoxalase system, which represents the most important pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal. While the neurotoxic effects of methylglyoxal and AGEs are well characterized, our understanding the glyoxalase system in the brain is more scattered. Considering the high energy requirements (i.e., glucose) of the brain, one should expect that the cerebral glyoxalase system is adequately fitted to handle methylglyoxal toxicity. This review focuses on our actual knowledge on the cellular aspects of the glyoxalase system in brain cells, in particular with regard to its activity in astrocytes and neurons. A main emerging concept is that these two neural cell types have different and energetically adapted glyoxalase defense mechanisms which may serve as protective mechanism against methylglyoxal-induced cellular damage.

Citation
Allaman I, BĂ©langer M and Magistretti PJ (2015) Methylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis. Front. Neurosci. 9:23. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00023

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from Swiss National Science Foundation (FNRS) (no. 310030B-148169/1), from the NCCR Synapsy and from the Biaggi and Panacée Foundations to Pierre J. Magistretti.

Publisher
Frontiers Media SA

Journal
Frontiers in Neuroscience

DOI
10.3389/fnins.2015.00023

PubMed ID
25709564

PubMed Central ID
PMC4321437

Additional Links
http://www.frontiersin.org/Neuroenergetics%2C_Nutrition_and_Brain_Health/10.3389/fnins.2015.00023/abstract

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