Auxiliary Material for Paper 2010JD014305
The impact of North American anthropogenic emissions and lightning on long-range
transport of trace gases and their export from the continent during summers 2002
and 2004
Matus Martini
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Dale J. Allen
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Kenneth E. Pickering
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
Georgiy L. Stenchikov
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Andreas Richter
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Edward J. Hyer
UCAR Visiting Scientist Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA
Christopher P. Loughner
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
Martini, M., D. J. Allen, K. E. Pickering, G. L. Stenchikov, A. Richter, E. J. Hyer, and C. P. Loughner (2011), The impact of North American anthropogenic emissions and lightning on long-range transport of trace gases and their export from the continent during summers 2002 and 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D07305, doi:10.1029/2010JD014305.
Introduction
The auxiliary material for this article contains five figures. The first three figures demonstrate in more detail the implementation of surface emission changes (Figures S1 and S2) as well as lightning NOX emissions (Figure S3). Figure S1 depicts the change in surface emissions from 2002 to 2004 as it was used for the UMD-CTM simulations. Figure S2 depicts changes in the mean observed surface temperatures over the U.S. from 2002 to 2004 (taken from National Climatic Data Center). Figure S3 compares model flash rates as constrained by space observations and by ground observations. Figure S4 shows additional evaluation of modeled ozone with respect to ozonesonde observations. Figure S5 shows modeled NO2 enhancements from anthropogenic and lightning NOX emissions. For more detailed information please see individual figure captions.
1. 2010jd014305-fs01.pdf
Figure A1. Surface NOX emission change from summer 2002 to 2004 at the 2 deg x 2.5 deg resolution as represented in the UMD-CTM standard simulations. Negative values indicate ANOX emission decreases from 2002 to 2004.
2. 2010jd014305-fs02.tif
Figure A2. Surface temperatures in summer 2002, 2003 and 2004 (from
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2004/CMB_prod_us_2004.html).
Changes in GEOS-4 CERES temperatures, used in the UMD-CTM simulations, from
summer 2002 to 2004 are smaller than the observed temperature changes shown in
this figure. The mean GEOS-4 CERES temperature change from summer 2002 to 2004
over the region of high isoprene emissions (28–40 deg N and 74–96 deg W) is -1.5 deg C. Isoprene emissions used in the UMD-CTM simulations are from summer 2003.
3. 2010jd014305-fs03.eps
Figure A3. Early-summer (1 June – 17 July) 2004 modeled flash rates. Flash rates (left) are adjusted to match OTD/LIS Low Resolution Time Series flash rates in simulation L0. Flash rates (right) are adjusted to match the NLDN-based total IC+CG flash rates over the CONUS (land only) in simulation L1. The NLDN-based model flash rates for early-summer 2004 differ slightly from the NLDN-based observed flash rates (right panel in Figure 4) because the scaling is done on a month by month basis while this figure depicts a 1.5-month period (1 June – 17 July).
4. 2010jd014305-fs04.eps
Figure A4. Mean profiles as observed from ozonesondes (blue) and simulated with the UMD-CTM during the INTEX-A period at IONS sites [Thompson et al., 2007b]. Results from the standard simulation (L1: red) and the simulation with doubled lightning-NO per flash (L2: red dashed) UMD-CTM simulations are shown. To minimize the effects of extreme values, which are likely of stratospheric origin, we filter out mixing ratios > 200 ppbv from the measurements and model results [Choi et al., 2008]. Horizontal bars indicate standard deviations in each 50-hPa bin. The explained variances (r2) between observed and simulated O3 from one sounding to the next and the absolute values of the bias (model minus observation) averaged from 50-hPa bins above 500 hPa are listed in the bottomright corner of each plot. In general, the UMD-CTM overestimates the O3 concentration measurements. However, in the UT, the mean UMD-CTM profiles agree well (the best agreement is for Beltsville and R/V R. H. Brown) and are within one standard deviation of the mean ozonesonde soundings. Largest biases (9.8–11.6 ppbv above 500 hPa) are seen at Sable Island and Wallops Island. Sounding-to-sounding variations in UT O3 are not well captured. The explained variance varies from near zero at Houston to 46% off the east coast.
5. 2010jd014305-fs05.eps
Figure A5. Tropospheric NO2 columns (column 1) and their enhancements due to North American anthropogenic emissions (column 2) and lightning (column 3) as diagnosed by simulation L1 and the sensitivity simulations with respective sources turned off (Table 1). Columns 1–3 are for 2004. Column 4 shows the difference between 2004 and 2002 due to NA lightning. The values are early-summer (1 June – 17 July) mean (top row), and late-summer (18 July – 31 August) mean (bottom row). Minima, averages and maxima are listed in the title of each plot.
References
Choi, Y., Y. Wang, T. Zeng, D. Cunnold, E.-S. Yang, R. Martin, K. Chance, V. Thouret, and E. Edgerton (2008), Springtime transitions of NO2, CO, and O3 over North America: Model evaluation and analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20311, doi:10.1029/2007JD009632.
Thompson, A. M., et al. (2007b), Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) 2004: 2. Tropospheric ozone budgets and variability over northeastern North America, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S13, doi:10.1029/2006JD007670.